endocrine&reproductive

Question 1

Chemical substances that are released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body. This statement is a definition of:

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high concentrations of hormone in the blood causes a phenomenon known as:

Answer 2

Down-regulation

Question 3

Which one of the following locations contains the receptors for water-soluble hormones?

Answer 3

On the cell plasma membrane

Question 4

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and eventually transported to the anterior pituitary gland. Which of the following systems is responsible for this transport mechanism from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 4

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 5

Which type of hormone acts on neighbouring cells?

Answer 5

Paracrine hormones

Question 6

Which of the following statement is correct with respect to the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

The hypothalamus is responsible for synthesizing at least nine different hormones

Question 7

Which one of the following identifies the reason why the posterior pituitary gland is not actually considered an endocrine gland?

Answer 7

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Question 8

There are several types of cells in the Pituitary Gland that are responsible for secreting hormones. Which Pituitary cell is INCORRECTLY matched with its respective hormone(s)?

Answer 8

Thyrotrophs – T3 and T4

Question 9

Both FSH and LH are responsible for regulating activities in males and females. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Answer 9

LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Question 10

Which of the following hormones is considered the “female hormone” but is also found in men?

Answer 10

Estrogen

Question 11

Which of the following outcomes does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevent?

Answer 11

The output of large amounts of urine

Question 12

Which of the following hormones directly initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands in females?

Answer 12

Prolactin

Question 13

Regarding the functions of the posterior pituitary gland, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Answer 13

ADH regulates the body’s water balance

Question 14

Which one of the following statements is TRUE in regards to oxytocin?

Answer 14

It is released in response to positive-feedback mechanism

Question 15

The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

Answer 15

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 16

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may not be able to father a child. Choose the correct statement that explains this problem.

Answer 16

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Question 17

If an individual’s blood content becomes increasing hyperglycemic, which of the following outcomes will occur?

Answer 17

Pancreatic beta cells will secrete insulin

Question 18

Which of the following processes is controlled by Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Answer 18

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys

Question 19

The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretory product in large quantities. The hormones that get synthesized and secreted are T3 and T4. What is the significance of tyrosine during the process of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion?

Answer 19

Tyrosine is a portion of the thyroglobin molecules that react with iodine molecules (I2)

Question 20

In regards to the hormone aldosterone, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Answer 20

It functions to increase sodium reabsorption into the blood

Question 21

Which one of the following conditions will occur after insulin overdose?

Answer 21

Hypoglycemia

Question 22

Which of the following hormones is the active form of Vitamin D?

Answer 22

Calcitriol

Question 23

Lowered blood pressure can cause the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway to stimulate cells of the kidneys. Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to synthesis and function of angiotensin II?

Answer 23

Angiotensin II stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

Question 24

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the thyroid gland?

Answer 24

T3 and T4 stimulate the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

Question 25

Glucocorticoids are responsible for regulating metabolism and resistance to stress. Which of the following statements corresponds to these hormones?

Answer 25

Inhibiting white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses

Question 26

Which of the following is TRUE about calcium homeostasis?

Answer 26

Increased PTH will lead to increased calcium concentrations in the blood

Question 27

When it becomes necessary to enlist the flight-or-flight, sympathetic response, which of the following hormones is being released during these situations?

Answer 27

Epinephrine

Question 28

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _______________:

Answer 28

Cortisol

Question 29

Androgens are found in both males and females and it is secreted from the adrenal cortex. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to androgen secretion by the adrenal gland?

Answer 29

Androgens secreted by males is usually significantly high

Question 30

Insulin is a small protein hormone and synthesized by pancreatic cells. This hormone is released under which of the following conditions?

Answer 30

When blood glucose levels rise

Question 31

Which one of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels?

Answer 31

Glucagon

Question 32

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the action of thyroid hormones?

Answer 32

Decreases basal metabolic rate

Question 33

Glucocortocoids allow the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by which of the following mechanisms?

Answer 33

Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Question 34

Which one of the following hormones regulates Potassium and Sodium concentrations?

Answer 34

Aldosterone

Question 35

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in blood pressure?

Answer 35

Vasodilation

Question 36

All of the following mechanisms will cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT for:

Answer 36

Increased amounts of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Question 37

Compared to the nervous system, responses of the endocrine system:

Answer 37

Produces effects which last longer

Question 38

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is:

Answer 38

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

Question 39

Which of the following types of shock is caused by overwhelming infection leading to vasodilation?

Answer 39

Septic shock

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT considered a sign of shock?

Answer 40

Decreased levels of epinephrine

Question 41

What is the correct definition of a Baroreceptor:

Answer 41

Monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls

Question 42

Which one of the following pancreatic cells releases insulin?

Answer 42

Beta cells

Question 43

Which one of the following processes does the hormone epinephrine control in the body?

Answer 43

Sympathetic response

Question 44

Which one of the following statements identifies the function of Calcitonin?

Answer 44

It lowers blood calcium

Question 45

Which one of the following structures supports the testis in the male reproductive system?

Answer 45

Scrotum

Question 46

Which one of the following muscles of the scrotum is continuous with the internal oblique and attaches to the pubic bone?

Answer 46

Cremaster muscle

Question 47

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with regards to the testes in the male reproductive system?

Answer 47

The testes descend around the inguinal canals in order to allow the passage of structures after development

Question 48

Which of the following muscles will wrinkle the surface of the scrotum upon contraction, reducing the surface area for heat loss?

Answer 48

Dartos muscle

Question 49

In which area of the male reproductive system is the site of spermatogenesis?

Answer 49

Seminiferious tubules

Question 50

Which of the following male reproductive cells is responsible in undergoing mitotic cellular division?

Answer 50

Spermatogonia

Question 51

Which of the following male reproductive cells contains a hapoid (n) number of chromosomes?

Answer 51

Spermatozoon & Spermatogonia

Question 52

Which one of the following cells produces testosterone?

Answer 52

Leydig cells

Question 53

Is it CORRECT to state that LH and FSH can both contribute to sperm formation?

Answer 53

Yes, both LH and FSH can contribute to spermatogenesis by stimulating different cells

Question 54

The seminal vesicles are responsible for secreting various substances that eventually combines with sperm. Which of the following substances is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions in the female reproductive system?

Answer 54

Prostaglandins

Question 55

Which one of the following structures does the ejaculatory duct drain into?

Answer 55

The Urethra

Question 56

Which of the following ligaments anchors the ovaries to the uterus?

Answer 56

Ovarian ligament

Question 57

Which of the following female reproductive structures transports the secondary oocytes and the fertilized ova to the uterus?

Answer 57

Fallopian tubes

Question 58

The fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system consist of three distinct regions. In which region is fertilization most likely to occur?

Answer 58

Ampulla

Question 59

Which of the following structures of the external female genitalia consists of erectile tissue and numerous blood vessels?

Answer 59

Clitoris

Question 60

Which of the following female reproductive cells contains a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes?

Answer 60

Primary oocyte

Question 61

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY lists the average menstrual cycle and ovulation?

Answer 61

Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14

Question 62

Which one of the following hormones is responsible for causing ovulation?

Answer 62

LH

Question 63

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breasts to undergo milk ejaculation?

Answer 63

Oxytocin

Question 64

Which one of the following hormonal triggers starts menstruation?

Answer 64

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly

Question 65

Which one of the following structures forms in the ovary after ovulation at the site of the ruptured follicle?

Answer 65

Corpus luteum

Question 66

Which one of the following groups of organs is the uterus between?

Answer 66

The urinary bladder and the rectum

Question 67

In which one of the following tissues does a fertilized ovum implant?

Answer 67

Endometrium

Question 68

In the first week of development, a blastocyst is formed through the development of a morula. Which of the following IS NOT a distinct cell population at this stage of development?

Answer 68

Endoblast

Question 69

In the first week of development, fertilization occurs approximately 7 hours after ejaculation. During this time, a process referred to as capacitation occurs. Which of the following events occurs during capacitation?

Answer 69

Functional changes causes the sperm tail to move rapidly in order to fuse with the oocyte

Question 70

In the first week of development, which of the following events occur in the implantation stage of embryonic development?

Answer 70

As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, the inner cell mass migrates towards the endometrium

Question 71

During the 2nd week of development, the formation of the chorion is an important stage towards fetal growth. Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to the chorion?

Answer 71

Responsible for elongating the embryo and forming the primitative streak

Question 72

During the development of the intraembryonic coleom, the cells differentiate into the Somatic and Splanchnic mesoderm. Which of the following structures arises from somatic mesoderm?

Answer 72

Bone

Question 73

The connection between the embryo and placenta is possible due to the presence of an umbilical cord. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta?

Answer 73

Umbilical arteries

Question 74

What influences C-shape folding in a developing embryo?

Answer 74

Growth and development of body structures occurring at different rates

Question 75

The presence of this hormone in maternal urine or blood is an indicator of pregnancy:

Answer 75

hCG

Question 76

Which one of the following sets of events is the CORRECT trigger for labor and delivery and allows its progression?

Answer 76

Increase in oxytocin and an increase in estrogen

Question 77

Which of the following male congential and acquired disorders corresponds to this statement: A condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the dorsal surface of the penis?

Answer 77

Epispadias

Question 78

Which one of the following processes is the cause of testicular torsion?

Answer 78

Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis and spermatic vessels

Question 79

Which one of the following terms describes inflammation of the testis?

Answer 79

Orchitis

Question 80

Which one of the following statements regarding Epididymitis is FALSE?

Answer 80

The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone and estrogen levels

Question 81

What is the prognosis for males with early diagnosis of testicular cancer?

Answer 81

90 % cure rate and excellent prognosis

Question 82

Which one of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is TRUE?

Answer 82

Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer

Question 83

Which one of the following yearly screening test is critical in early diagnosis of prostate cancer?

Answer 83

The PSA blood test

Question 84

Which one of the following STD's is the etiology of cervical cancer?

Answer 84

HPV

Question 85

Which one of the following describes Endometriosis?

Answer 85

Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity

Question 86

Which one of the following conditions is described as inflammation of the uterus and fallopian tubes?

Answer 86

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 87

Which one of the following statements is the reason for an Ectopic pregnancy being a leading cause of maternal death?

Answer 87

Fallopian tubes rupture causing intra-abdominal hemorrhage

Question 88

Which one of the following terms corresponds to excessive menstruations?

Answer 88

Menorrhagia

Question 89

Which one of the following statements defines dysmenorrhea?

Answer 89

Pain or discomfort with menstruation

Question 90

Which one of the following conditions is indicated by symptoms of: swollen breasts, bloating, abdominal pain, headache, depression, irritability, anxiety and clumsiness?

Answer 90

Premenstrual Syndrome

Question 91

Which one of the following conditions is defined as inflammation of the breast?

Answer 91

Mastitis

Question 92

Which one of the following statements regarding infertility is TRUE?

Answer 92

A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors, and 30% combined factors

Question 93

Which one of the following factors predisposes women to the formation of pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer 93

Women with multiple sexual partners

Question 94

Which one of the following symptoms is the primary manifestation of Ovarian Cancer?

Answer 94

Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating

Question 95

Which one of the following terms describes a normal menstrual cycles and flow?

Answer 95

Menorrhea

Question 96

Which one of the following manifestations is NOT associated with Amenorrhea?

Answer 96

Heavy periods in pre-menopausal women

Question 97

Which one of the following statements regarding Fibrocystic Disease is FALSE?

Answer 97

It is a precancerous lesion and needs radiation therapy