Cardiovascular and Renal

Question 1

What does PKA phosphorylate in the heart?

Answer 1

SERCA2 and phospholamban

Question 2

Which heart fibres are fastest?

Answer 2

SAN

Question 3

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Answer 3

Abnormal conducting fibres so A>V is too fast

Question 4

How do inodilators act?

Answer 4

Inhibit PDE (mimic sympathetic stimulation)

Question 5

How do methylxanthines act?

Answer 5

Non-specific PDE inhibitors and A1 and A2 agonists

Question 6

What causes phospholamban to inhibit SERCA2?

Answer 6

Sympathetic via B receptors and PKA

Question 7

Which factors does plasmin cause breakdown of?

Answer 7

II, V, VII

Question 8

What is glyciproteins IIB/IIIa receptor needed for?

Answer 8

Fibrinogen binding between platelets that causes aggregation

Question 9

Where does ATIII act and what does it affect?

Answer 9

The brain affecting ADH release

Question 10

What does adenosine acting on A1 receptors inhibit?

Answer 10

Rise in intracellular cAMP

Question 11

What does ANP via cGMP inhibit?

Answer 11

Renin release

Question 12

What are the ATII receptors?

Answer 12

AT1 and AT2

Question 13

What converts ATII to ATIII?

Answer 13

Brain aminopeptidase A

Question 14

What converts ATIII to ATIV?

Answer 14

Aminopeptidase-N

Question 15

Which tubule has peptidases to metabolise bradykinin?

Answer 15

Proximal

Question 16

Which receptors does the collecting duct have?

Answer 16

Kininogen and bradykinin B2

Question 17

What converts kininogen to bradykinin?

Answer 17

Killikrein

Question 18

How do loop diuretics work?

Answer 18

Block Na-K-Cl transport in apical membrane of thick ascending limb

Question 19

How do thiazide diuretics work?

Answer 19

Block Na-Cl cotransport in cortical thick ascending limb and distal tubule, also some CA inhibition

Question 20

How do K+-sparing diuretics work?

Answer 20

Block apical Na+ channels OR aldosterone antagonists

Question 21

How do CA inhibitors work?

Answer 21

Inhibit bicarb reabsorption and decrease H+ availability so there is less to exchange with Na

Question 22

Which PDE is Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent?

Answer 22

I

Question 23

Which PDE is cGMP-stimualted?

Answer 23

II

Question 24

Which PDE is cGMP-specific?

Answer 24

V

Question 25

Which PDE is cGMP-inhibited?

Answer 25

III

Question 26

Which PDE is cAMP-specific?

Answer 26

IV

Question 27

Which inodilator is used for heart failure and which PDE does in inhibit?

Answer 27

Milrinone - type III

Question 28

Which two drugs inhibit PDE type V?

Answer 28

Dipyridamole and sildenafil

Question 29

Where is I Ca-L found and what is it for?

Answer 29

Everywhere for plateau phase

Question 30

Where is I Ca-T found?

Answer 30

Nodal/conductive

Question 31

Where is I Na-Ca found?

Answer 31

Everywhere

Question 32

Which Na sites can be glycosylated?

Answer 32

All

Question 33

Which subunits are linked by a disulphide bridge and are from the same gene?

Answer 33

ALpha2 and delta

Question 34

Which Ca drugs don't show use dependence?

Answer 34

DHPs

Question 35

How many phosphorylation sites do L type Ca2+ channels have?

Answer 35

Two phosphorylation sites on cytoplasmic domain

Question 36

Where are T type Ca2+ channels found?

Answer 36

Heart conductive tissue

Question 37

Where are the two DHP binding sites?

Answer 37

S6 and S5-6 loop in domain III and S5-6 loop in domain IV

Question 38

Where is benzothiazepine binding site?

Answer 38

Outside

Question 39

What is N type K+ channel inactivation?

Answer 39

Ball and chain

Question 40

What is C type K+ inactivation?

Answer 40

Residues near the extracellular surface moving

Question 41

What regulates Kirs?

Answer 41

Phosphorylation, Ca2+ or ATP

Question 42

Which Gi subunit opens I K-ACh channel?

Answer 42

Beta-gamma

Question 43

In what conditions do ATP-sensitive Kir channels open?

Answer 43

Low intracellular ATP

Question 44

What are HCN channels permeable to?

Answer 44

Na and K

Question 45

What do catecholamines do to RyRs?

Answer 45

Sensitize

Question 46

What are cells like in ischaemic heart disease?

Answer 46

Partly depolarised and liable to inappropriate action

Question 47

Which dysrhytmias are class III used for?

Answer 47

Ventricular and re-entrant

Question 48

Which tissue do class IV antidysrhytmics act on?

Answer 48

Nodal

Question 49

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy in cats?

Answer 49

Taurine or carnitine deficiency

Question 50

Which receptors are upregulated when using beta blockers?

Answer 50

Alpha1

Question 51

Which PDE is it in heart failure

Answer 51

III

Question 52

How do Ca sensitizers cause peripheral vasodilation?

Answer 52

Inhibit PDEIII

Question 53

What converts kininogen into bradykinin?

Answer 53

Kallikrein

Question 54

How do AT2 receptors cause vasodilation?

Answer 54

Use NO which raises cGMP

Question 55

When is the AT2 receptor present?

Answer 55

Brain and adrenal medulla, fetal development

Question 56

How do ACE inhibitors affect pre and afterload?

Answer 56

Increase

Question 57

How do ACE inhibitors affect vascular resistance and blood pressure?

Answer 57

Decrease vascular resistance not blood pressure

Question 58

How does ANP inhibit renin release?

Answer 58

Via cGMP

Question 59

How does Angiotensin II inhibit renin release?

Answer 59

IP3 mediated -ve feedback

Question 60

How does adenosine increase cAMP?

Answer 60

AT1 receptors

Question 61

What is the structure of angiotensin I?

Answer 61

Decapaptide

Question 62

What is the structure of angiotensin II?

Answer 62

Octapeptide

Question 63

How is blood pressure maintained when using an ACE inhibitor?

Answer 63

CO increases

Question 64

What is angiotensin IV for?

Answer 64

Learning, memory, LTP

Question 65

Where is AT4 receptor located?

Answer 65

Widely

Question 66

What is the structure of the AT4 receptor?

Answer 66

Transmembrane, insulin regulated

Question 67

Where are peptidases which produce bradykinin?

Answer 67

Proximal tubule

Question 68

Where are the kininogen and bradykinin B2 receptors?

Answer 68

Collecting duct

Question 69

Where is HCN1 found?

Answer 69

Heart and brain

Question 70

Where is HCN2 found?

Answer 70

Throughout heart

Question 71

Where is HCN4 found?

Answer 71

Pacemaker region and Purkinje fibres

Question 72

Which factors does warfarin inhibit synthesis of?

Answer 72

II, VII, IX, X, C, X, Z