Inflammation and Immunosuppression Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Which cells does substance P activate?
A
Mast cells
2
Q
Which receptors do mast cells have?
A
C3a, C5a, IgE and TLRs
3
Q
What is H1R coupled to and what is it for?
A
Gq, for inflammation
4
Q
What is H2R coupled to and what is it for?
A
Gs for gastric acid secretion
5
Q
What is H3R coupled to and what is it for?
A
Gi, inhibitory autoreceptor in CNS
6
Q
What is H4R coupled to and what is it for?
A
Gi, for chemotaxis/cytokines release
7
Q
What subunit of C3a/C5a causes histamine exocytosis?
A
Beta-gamma
8
Q
Which other receptor is Gq coupled and causes histamine release?
A
Neurokinin
9
Q
Which histamine receptor causes increased heart rate?
A
H2
10
Q
Which histamine receptors are used for neurotransmission?
A
H1,2,3,4
11
Q
What is somatostatin receptor coupled to?
A
Gi
12
Q
What are EP receptors for?
A
Prostaglandins
13
Q
What does EP 2/3 Rs do?
A
Decrease H+ resistance
14
Q
What does EP 1/2 Rs do?
A
Increase bicarb release
15
Q
What does EP4R do?
A
Increase mucin release
16
Q
What cleaves pre-kallikrein to kallikrein?
A
Hageman factor
17
Q
What is kininogen cleaved to if high molecular weight?
A
Bradykinin
18
Q
What is kininogen cleaved to if low molecular weight?
A
Kallidin
19
Q
What are kinins inactivated by?
A
Kininases
20
Q
What does kininase I produce?
A
des-Arg-bradykinin
21
Q
What does kininase II do?
A
Removes the two C-terminal acids and inactivates it
22
Q
What are bradykinin receptors coupled to?
A
Gq
23
Q
WHen is B1 upregulated?
A
During inflammation via IL1
24
Q
What is the primary agonist of B1 receptors?
A
des-Arg-bradykinin
25
When is B2 expressed?
Constitutively
26
What are B2 receptors activated by?
Bradykinin and kallidin
27
How does B1 receptor activation cause vasodilation?
PGI2 diffuses to vascular smooth muscle, IP receptor causes MLCK phosphorylation
28
How does B2 receptor cause vasodilation?
NO diffuses to vascular smooth muscle, sGC (intracellular receptor) causes MLCK phosphorylation
29
What inhibits kallikrein?
C1-esterase inhibitor
30
What kind of receptors are most cytokines?
Tyrosine kinase
31
What kind of receptors are chemokines?
GPCRs
32
Which cells is NGF released from?
Mast cells and macropahges
33
Which receptors do tachykinins bind to?
Neurokinin
34
What is the SP receptor?
NK1R
35
What is the neurokinin A receptor?
NK2R
36
What does annexin-A1 bind to?
FMPR2/lipoxin
37
What is the precursor of PAF?
Lysoglycerylphorylcholine
38
What activates PLA2?
Ca2+, phosphorylation by bradykinin and TNFalpha
39
Which enzymes synthesises leukotrienes?
Lipoxygenases
40
What does 12-lipoxygenases produce?
12-HETE
41
What does 5-lipoxygenase produce?
Leukotriene A4
42
Which enzyme produces leukotriene B4?
LTA4 hydrolase
43
Which enzyme produces leukotriene C4?
LTC4 synthase
44
Which are the cysteinyl leukotrienes?
C4, D4 and E4
45
Which receptors does leukotriene B4 act at?
BLT1 and BLT2
46
What are the BLT receptors coupled to?
Gq
47
Which cells does leukotriene B4 attract?
Neutrophils and macrophages
48
Which receptors do the cysteinyl leukotrienes act on?
CysLT1 and CysLT2
49
What are the CysLT receptors coupled to?
Gq
50
When are the cysteinyl leukotrienes released?
In airways by mast cells and eosinophils for bronchoconstriction
51
What is the affinity of CysLT1?
LTD4 >> LTC4 > LTE4
52
What is the affinity of CysLT2?
LTD4 = LTC4 > LTE4
53
How does leukotriene A4 produce a lipoxin?
12-lipoxygenase converts it to lipoxin A4
54
How does 15-lipoxygenase produce lipoxin A4?
It produces 15S-HETE and 5-lipoxygenase converts this to lipoxin A4
55
How does lipoxin A4 decrease neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation?
Binds FPR2
56
What is the FPR2 receptor coupled to?
Gi
57
Which receptors do lipoxins antagonise?
CysLT1
58
Which enzyme forms PAF?
Acetyltransferase
59
How many double bonds do eicosatrienoic acid products have?
1
60
How many bonds do arachidonic acid products have?
2
61
How many bonds do eicosapentanoic acid products have?
3
62
Which PGs are found in tissues and blood vessels?
PGE2 and PGI2
63
Which PGs are in mast cells?
PGD2
64
Which PGs are in macrophages?
PGE2
65
Which prostaglandin receptors are Gs coupled?
DP1, EP2, EP4 and IP
66
Which prostaglandin receptors are Gq coupled?
EP1, FP and TP
67
Which prostaglandin receptors are Gi coupled?
DP2 and EP3
68
Which PG receptors causes relaxation of GI/uterine muscle?
DP1
69
Which PG receptors causes brochochonstriction?
TP when PGD2 acts on it
70
Which PG receptors causes bronchial and GI muscle contraction?
EP1
71
Which PG receptor causes bronchodilation, vasodilation and GI muscle relaxation?
EP2
72
Which PG receptor causes GI muscle contraction, fever, reduced gastric acid secretion, increased gastric mucous secretion?
EP3
73
Which PG receptor causes nociceptor sensitisation?
EP4
74
Which PG receptor causes vasodilation and inhibited platelet aggregation?
IP
75
Which PG receptor causes uterine contraction in humans and bronchoconstriction in cats and dogs?
FP receptors when PG F2a acts on it
76
Which receptor does TxA2 act on?
TP
77
What is the anti-aggregation PG released from endothelial cells?
PGI2
78
What can endothelial cells synthesize that platelets can't?
COX-1
79
How is aspirin triggered lipoxin produced?
Aspirin caused COX-2 to produce 15R-HETE needed for lipoxin production
80
What is the rate limiting step of 5-HT production?
Tryptophan hydroxylase
81
What kind of tryptophan hydroxylase is found in enterochromaffin cells?
1
82
What kind of tryptophan hydroxylase is found in neurones?
2
83
Which serotonin transporter do platelets express?
SERT
84
How is 5-HT degraded?
Oxidative deamination to MAO then oxidation to 5-HIAA
85
Which serotonin receptors are Gi coupled?
1A-F
86
Which serotonin receptors are Gq coupled?
2A-C
87
Which serotinin receptors are ionotropic?
3
88
What happens to 5-HIAA and 5-HT during a migraine?
5-HIAA increases and blood 5-HT decreases
89
Which mutation causes familial hemiplegic migraine 1?
CACNA1C which encodes CaV1.2
90
Which T cell response is seen in diabetes, MS, RA?
Th1
91
Which T cell response in seen in asthma?
Th2
92
What does IL5 from Th2 cells?
Primes eosinophils
93
What does IL4/13 from Th2 cells do?
Causes B cells to produce IgE and induce Fcgamma RI expression
94
What do eosinophils release?
CysLTs and granule proteins
95
Where are the Th2 cells from in asthma?
Submucosal dendritic cells
96
What do LABA-LAMA combination inhalers contain?
B2 agonist and M3 inhibition
97
Why are corticosteroids ineffective in COPD?
Decreased expression of histone deacetylase 2
98
Why is HAT2 expression decreased in COPD?
ROS form ONOO- which nitrates the active site
99
Which cells release metalloproteinases in RA?
Osteoclasts and fibroblasts
100
Why cytokines does corticosteroids reduce transcription of?
Il2, IL1 and TNFalpha
101
Which cells is there a net loss of in osteoarthritis?
Chondrocytes
102
Which cytokines are raised in osteoarthritis?
IL1, IL6 and TNFalpha
103
Which substance is raised in synovial fluid in osteoarthritis?
NGF
104
Which cells secrete incretins?
K and L
105
What breaks down the incretins?
DPP-4
106
What can be used to measure blood glucose?
Glycated haemoglobin
107
What does discoid lupus affect?
SKin
108
What does SLE affect?
Skin, joints, organs
109
What are the tests for lupus?
ANA and anti-dsDNA
110
Which cytokines are raised in lupus?
TNFalpha, IL6, IFNs and B lymphocyte stimulator
111
What does Gq in muscle do?
Contraction
112
What does Gq in smooth muscle cause?
Vasodilation
113
How does cAMP cause gastric ulcer?
PKA phosphorylation of proteins which traffic K+/H+ pump
114
What are the mast cell agonists?
IL-1 alpha and beta
115
What are the mast cell antagonists?
IL-1 ralpha
116
What do nociceptors release during migraine?
CGRP
117
What does metalloproteinase activity do in a migraine?
Disrupts BBB and activates meningeal nociceptors
118
What do Fos/Jun bind to?
AP1
119
What do P65 and P50 bind to?
NFkB
120
What is an induction immunosuppressant?
Basiliximab
121
What is given long term after transplant?
Tacrolimus
122
What thins in early stage osteoarthritis?
Subchondral plate
123
What happens in late stage osteoarthritis?
Subchondral sclerosis and osteophyte formation
124
What happens at insulin injection site?
Lipodystrophy
125
Which genes affect lupus susceptibility?
Several
126
What are diagnostic tests for lupus?
ANA, anti-dsDNA
127
What does ATG do?
Polyclonal, for T cell depletion
128
How can Ab be modified to outcompete serum Ig?
Afucosylate the Ab to increase affinity and bond strength - decreases carb-carb interactions
