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PNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is synaptobrevin anchored by?

A

Hydrophobic carboxy terminus

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2
Q

How many alpha-helices does SNAP-25 have?

A

2

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3
Q

What does AChE bind to in the basement membrane?

A

Collagenous tail which binds to heparan sulphate proteiglycan

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4
Q

What are catecholamine metabolised by?

A

MAO and COMT

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5
Q

What are the two metabolites of catecholamines?

A

VMA and MOPEG

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6
Q

Where is VMA produced?

A

Periphery

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7
Q

Where is MOPEG produced?

A

In CNS

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8
Q

Where is MAO found?

A

Outer membrane of mitochondria in NA nerves, liver and intestinal epithelium

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9
Q

How does MAO act?

A

Oxidative deamination to aldehyde and then aldehyde dehydrogenase to carboxylic acid

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10
Q

Where is COMT found?

A

Cytosol of liver and adrenal medulla

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11
Q

How does COMT act?

A

Methylates an aromatic hdroxyl in the catecholamine

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters in the vas deferens?

A

ATP and NA

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters in the bladder?

A

ATP and ACh

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14
Q

Where are P2X receptors found?

A

CNS and PNS

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15
Q

What do P2X receptors cause in non-neuronal cells?

A

IL1B release

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16
Q

What are P2X receptors selective to?

A

Non-selective cation

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17
Q

How many isoforms assemble as homo/heterotrimer in the P2X receptor?

A

7

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18
Q

What are TM1 and TM2 loops separated by in the P2X receptor?

A

10 disulphide bonds

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19
Q

Which autoreceptors does caffeine inhibit?

A

A1 autoreceptor

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20
Q

Where does the ATP bind in the P2X receptor?

A

Between two subunits

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21
Q

What are the three kinds of NOS?

A

Neuronal, inducible and endothelial

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22
Q

When is inducible NOS used?

A

In macrophages after LPS or IFN-gamma

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23
Q

What does NOS acting on L-arginine produce?

A

NO and L-citrulline

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24
Q

What mediates shear-stress?

A

PKB

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25
How does cortisol affect PNMT expression?
Decreases it
26
What is ratio of NA:ATP storage?
4:1
27
How do presynaptic alpha2 receptors decrease NA release?
GPCR to K+ channel to hyperpolarise
28
How do presynaptic beta2 receptors enhance NA release?
Increase cAMP, increase PKA, increase calcium
29
What does uptake 1?
NET
30
What does uptake 2?
ENT
31
Is NET or ENT Na-dependent?
NET
32
How does M1 produce slow EPSP?
Inhibits K+ M current
33
Which family of K+ channels mediates the M current?
Kv7
34
Where is M2 expressed?
Presynaptically - inhibits release
35
WHat does alpha subunit of M2/4 do?
Inhibits adenyl cyclase
36
What does beta-gamma subunit of M2/4 do?
Opens GIRK channel in pacemaker tisssue
37
Where is M3 found?
Exocrine glands, sweat glands, oxyntic cells, smooth muscle
38
What does the VAT export and import?
One NA/ACh in, two H+ out
39
Which mAChRs act on the CNS?
4 and 5
40
Are P2X and P2Y ligand gated or GPCR?
P2X = ligand gated, P2Y = GPCR
41
What is the function of MAO?
Inactivates monoamines from gut
42
Which catecholamines does MAO-A work on?
Serotonin, NA and DA
43
Which catecholamines does MAO-B work on?
DA2
44
Which mAChRs are Gq coupled?
1,3,5
45
Which mAChRs are Gi coupled?
2 and 4
46
Which mAChRs are found in the PNS?
1,2,3
47
Which mAChRs are found in the CNS?
4 and 5
48
Where is M2 expressed?
Heart and nerve terminals
49
How does M3 cause eNOS stimulation?
Ca2+ - CaM - eNOS
50
Which mAChRs produce IP3 and DAG for smooth muscle and secretion?
1 and 5
51
What is the rate limiting step in adrenaline production?
Tyrosine to DOPA
52
What is chain from tyrosine to adrenaline?
Tyrosine to DOPA to dopamine to NA to adrenaline
53
What converts tyrosine to DOPA?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
54
What converts DOPA to dopamine?
DOPA decarboxylase
55
What converts dopamine to NA?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
56
What converts NA to adrenaline?
PNMT
57
Where is parasympathetic ACh instead of NA?
Sweat glands
58
What does retrograde axonal transport?
Dynein
59
What does fast axonal transport?
Kinesin
60
What provides electrochemical gradient for transmitters?
Proton pump acidifies vesicle interior
61
Which snare doe botulinum cleave?
t-SNARE
62
What does bungarotoxin have to degreade active zone lipids?
PLA2
63
Which subunits does Nneuronal have?
ALpha beta
64
What groups does mAChR antagonists have?
Ester, basic and aromatic replacing the acetate
65
What is the only uncharged stigmine?
Rivastigmine
66
When is VMA increased in urine?
Pheochromocytoma
67
Which receptor causes insulin release inhibition?
ALpha 2
68
Which receptor causes lipolysis and thermogenesis?
Beta 3
69
Which receptor causes hepatic glycogenolysis?
Beta 2
70
Why does NA cause vasoconstriction?
No vasodilation form beta 2
71
What kind of receptors are the A adenosine receptor?
All GPCRs
72
Two kinds of adenosine receptor?
A and P2
73
Which transporter takes ATP into vesciles?
VNUT
74
What breaks down ATP?
Ectonucleotidase
75
What hydrolyses ATP to inosine?
Adenosine deaminase
76
Why is adenosine produced during hypoxia?
Saves energy by inhibiting myocardial contractility
77
WHich adenosine receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release?
A1 autoreceptors
78
What inhibits the A1 autoreceptors?
Caffeine
79
What promotes expression of neuronal NOS?
Insulin
80
What stimulates inducible NOS in macrophages?
LPS or IFNgamma
81
Why does NO have no receptors?
Diffuses
82
How does NO activate sGC?
Interacts with its haem group
83
What does sGC do?
Activates PKG and relaxes smooth muscle
84
What does inhibitng NO do to vascular smooth muscle?
Hyperpolarises
85
What mediates shear-stress?
PKB
86
Where are nitretergic synapses found?
Upper airways, GI tract, sexual organs
87
Why do neuropeptides need increased calcium?
Don't cluster at the active zone
88
Whcih EPSP do neuropeptides account for?
Late slow
89
Why can dopamine beta-hydroxylase measure sympathetic activity?
Released with NA and not degraded
90
What metabolises tyramine?
MAO
91
How does weak base affect amine packaging?
Reduces pH gradient
92
What is tachyphylaxis?
Need NA in vesicles to get a respose from some drugs so get less of a response after a while
93
How does alpha-2 decrease NA release?
GPCR to K+ channel to hyperpol
94
How does beta-2 enhance NA release?
Increased cAMP to increased PKA to inreased Ca2+
95
How do M2 receptors and delta opioid receptors affect NA release?
Both decrease
96
Which uptake terminates transmitter action?
Uptake 1
97
What is affinity and capacity of uptake 2 like?
Low affinity, high capacity
98
Is NET Na dependent or independent?
Dependent
99
Where are M1 receptors?
Smooth muscle contraction and secretion from glands
100
What is the rate limiting step for ACh?
Choline uptake
101
What is affinity of choline transporter?
High
102
Which is L dopa and which is carbidopa?
L-dopa can cross BBB, carbidopa can't
103
What is alpha-methyl NA affinity?
Less on alpha1, same on alpha2
104
What is alpha1 receptor coupled to?
Gq
105
What is alpha2 receptor coupled to?
Gi
106
Which BOTOX targets synaptobrevin?
B, D, F, G
107
Which BOTOX targets SNAP-25 and syntaxin?
C1
108
What are all beta receptors coupled to?
Gs
109
What does malathion treat?
Head lice
110
What takes up adenosine?
Adenosine transporter
111
Which study showed G proteins have persistent signal even when internalised?
Calebiro et al 2010
112
Which study said alpha1 receptor has action in nicotine addiction?
Forget et al 2010

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