Chemotherapy

Question 1

Which enzymes gross-link glycan strands?

Answer 1

Transglycosylase

Question 2

Which enzymes cross-link peptide strands?

Answer 2

Transpeptidase

Question 3

Which enzyme converts UDP-NAG to UDP-NAM-tripeptide?

Answer 3

PEP

Question 4

What kind of an enzyme are transpeptidases?

Answer 4

Serine hydrolases

Question 5

Which drugs bind to the 30S subunit?

Answer 5

Tetracycline and streptomycin

Question 6

Which drugs bind to the 50S subunit?

Answer 6

Erythromycin and chloramphenicol

Question 7

What is the N-terminal amino acid in bacteria?

Answer 7

Formylmethionine

Question 8

Which subunit does mRNA attach to?

Answer 8

30S subunit

Question 9

Which initiation factor does mRNA attachment need?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

What does the formylmethionine-charged tRNA need to combine?

Answer 10

IF 1 and 2 and GTP

Question 11

What do type I topoisomerases do?

Answer 11

Break one strand at a time

Question 12

What do type II topoisomerases do?

Answer 12

Break both strands at once

Question 13

What do type IV topoisomerases do?

Answer 13

Relax DNA and potent decatenase

Question 14

What transmits leishmania?

Answer 14

Sandfly

Question 15

What does plasmodium produce in its food vacuole?

Answer 15

Heme

Question 16

What does the parasite polymerise heme into?

Answer 16

Hemozoin

Question 17

What does M2 ion channel cause?

Answer 17

Triggers genome uncoating when exposed to lo pH

Question 18

What does HA do?

Answer 18

Undergoes structural rearrangement to release neurocapsid from envelope

Question 19

What does NA do?

Answer 19

Prevents aggregation, facilitates release, has role as virulence factor

Question 20

Which cells do IFNs activate?

Answer 20

macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells

Question 21

When are alpha and beta IFNs produced?

Answer 21

Following viral infection

Question 22

What is IFN-alpha-2a used for?

Answer 22

HBV and AIDs Kaposi sarcomas

Question 23

What is IFN-alpha-2b used for?

Answer 23

HCV

Question 24

What are two effects of IFNs binding ganglioside receptors?

Answer 24

Activate a protein kinase which inhibits ribosomal initiation complex formation AND activate and endonuclease which degrades viral dsRNA

Question 25

What is gamma IFN produced by?

Answer 25

T lymphocytes and NK cells

Question 26

Which nucleotides are cross-linked by nitrogen mustards?

Answer 26

G-G

Question 27

What crosslink is caused when the second side chain reacts with H2O after the first binds to a nitrogen mustard?

Answer 27

G-T

Question 28

What are A, C and D lactamases?

Answer 28

Active site serine enzymes

Question 29

How do B lactamases work?

Answer 29

Use zinc to activate a water molecule and add it to the beta lactam ring

Question 30

How do aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria become resistant?

Answer 30

Modify OH and NH2 groups so it can't recognise the 16S rRNA

Question 31

How do aminoglycoside resistant bacteria modify NH2?

Answer 31

N-acetylate it by acetyl CoA

Question 32

How do aminoglycoside resistant bacteria modify OH?

Answer 32

O-phosphoryl transfer of ATP gamma phosphate OR O-adenylyl transfer of ATP alpha-phosphate

Question 33

How does pseudomonas acquire aminoglycoside resistance?

Answer 33

Fewer porins so less influx, mutations in uptake transporters

Question 34

Why is pseudomonas intrinsically resistant?

Answer 34

Lots of efflux pumps

Question 35

What does an isobologram show?

Answer 35

Where drug combinations are equi-effective

Question 36

What is a phase-I trial?

Answer 36

Dose finding

Question 37

What is a phase-III trial?

Answer 37

comparison with best available therapy