Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
The largest artery in the body
A
Aorta
2
Q
Weight of the heart
A
250 grams to 300 grams
3
Q
Innervation of the heart
A
Spinal nerves C3-T4
4
Q
Arch of Aorta branches
A
Brachiocephalic, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian
5
Q
Point of Maximal Pulse
A
Apex
6
Q
The orientation of the apex of the heart
A
Downward, forward, and to the left
7
Q
Location of the apex of the heart
A
5th ICS, midclavicular line
8
Q
Site of Foramen Ovale
A
Fossa Ovalis
9
Q
Fibrous cords that support the valve cusps
A
Chordae Tendinae
10
Q
Responsible to give atrium a rough surface
A
Pectinate Muscle
11
Q
Projecting ridges that give the ventricular wall a spongelike appearance
A
Trabeculae Carnae
12
Q
The fibrous sac that encloses the heart
A
Pericardium
13
Q
Lubrication inside the serous pericardial provides the smooth movement of the heart
A
Pericardial Fluid
14
Q
Inelastic connective tissue that lines the heart to anchor, protect and prevent it from overfilling
A
Fibrous Pericardium
15
Q
Two layers of Serous Pericardium
A
Parietal and Visceral Layer
16
Q
Wall of the heart that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart
A
Myocardium
17
Q
Smooth lining of the chambers that continues as epithelial tissue in the heart valves
A
Endocardium
18
Q
Another name of Visceral Pericardium
A
Epicardium
19
Q
Wall of the heart that contains the coronary valve
A
Epicardium
20
Q
Movement of the blood in the heart
A
From high pressure to low pressure
21
Q
Vena Cava drains the head, neck, and upper extremity
A
SVC
22
Q
Vena Cava drains the lower extremity
A
IVC
23
Q
Largest blood vessel
A
IVC
24
Q
Four coronary sinuses that drains in the heart
A
Posterior vein, Small cardiac vein, Great cardiac vein, and Middle vein
25
Fetal Circulation: Communication between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Ductus Arteriosus
26
The time when the ductus arteriosus should close
2 weeks of life
27
Two branches of (R) Coronary Artery
Posterior Descending and Marginal Artery
28
Two branches of (L) Coronary Artery
Anterior Descending and Circumflex Artery
29
"Posterior Interventricular Artery"
(R) Posterior Descending Artery
30
"Anterior Interventricular Artery"
(L) Anterior Descending Artery
31
The coronary vein that has a direct connection to the Right Atrium
Anterior Vein
32
The artery that is 75% affected with MI
LADCA
33
The ability of the heart to spontaneously generate its own action potential
Automaticity
34
The pacemaker of the heart
SA node
35
Thru what structure allows the SA node to directly send an impulse to Left Atrium?
Bachmann's Bundle
36
Thru what structure allows the SA node to directly send an impulse to the AV node?
Internodal pathway
37
What are the two reasons for the slow conduction of AV node?
(+) Lesser gap junctions and Small diameter of fibers
38
SA node rhythm
60-100 bpm
39
AV node rhythm
40-60 bpm
40
Purkinje Fibers rhythm
35 bpm
41
ECG: "Atrial Depolarization"
P wave
42
ECG: "Ventrical Depolarization"
QRS wave
43
ECG: "Ventrical Repolarization"
T wave
44
The time required for the impulse to travel from the atria to the conduction system
PR interval
45
The normal time of PR interval
0.12 - 0.20 ms
46
The normal time of QT interval
0.32 - 0.40 ms
47
The time before the beginning of ventricular repolarization
ST interval
48
What does ST-elevation mean?
Infraction (>2mm)
49
What does ST-depression mean?
Ischemia
50
How many phases does the Nodal Intrinsic Conduction Pathway have?
3
51
How many phases does the Contractile Intrinsic Conduction Pathway have?
5
52
What are the phases that are absent in the nodal but present in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?
Phase 1 and 2
53
The phase of Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represent the upstroke
Phase 0
54
The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represent the RMP
Phase 4
55
The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the repolarization
Phase 3
56
The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the initial repolarization
Phase 1
57
The phase of the Intrinsic Contractile Pathway that represents the plateau
Phase 2
58
What triggers the upstroke in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
Calcium influx
59
What triggers the upstroke in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?
Sodium Influx
60
What triggers the initial repolarization in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?
Sodium Influx and Potassium Efflux
61
Around what time does the L-type calcium channels will be triggered to close?
250 ms
62
What is the threshold potential of the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
-40 mv
63
The intracellular cell in the heart that allows the transfer of molecules from one cell to another
Gap Junctions
64
The intracellular junctions that adhere two cells to each other
Desmosomes
65
The combination of gap junction and desmosomes
Intercellular Discs
66
Opening of what channels trigger the upstroke of contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?
Voltage-gated sodium channels
67
Opening of what channels trigger the upstroke of nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
L-type calcium channels
68
What type of protein does the calcium bind in the sarcoplasmic reticulum after it is released in the T-Tubules?
Calmodulin
69
What type of receptor does the calcium-calmodulin complex bind to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Ryanodine Receptors
70
What do you call the release that happened after the CCC induced the release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Calcium-induced - Calcium-release
71
True or False: Calcium-induced - Calcium-release only happens in the heart?
True
72
What triggers the repolarization in the heart muscle?
Continuous opening of potassium channels and closure of L-type calcium channels
73
What is the receptor of SNS in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
74
What is the receptor of PSNS in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
Muscarinic-2 receptor
75
The enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to Cyclic AMP (CAMP)
Adenylate cyclase
76
What is the protein of SNS that gets activated in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
G stimulatory protein
77
What is the protein of PSNS that gets activated in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
G inhibitory protein
78
What is the protein of SNS that gets activated and triggers the opening of L-type calcium channels in the nodal intrinsic conduction pathway?
Protein Kinase A
79
What is protein does the Protein Kinase A (PKA) binds into in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contractile intrinsic conduction pathway?
Phospholamban
80
What types of G inhibitory protein trigger the activation of potassium channels?
Beta-1 and Gamma-1
81
What type of G inhibitory protein inhibits adenylate cyclase?
Alpha-1
82
What phase of the cardiac cycle will you hear the heart sound S1?
Isovolumetric Contraction
83
What phase of the cardiac cycle will you hear the heart sound S2?
Isovolumetric Relaxation
84
What phase of the cardiac cycle has a higher ventricular pressure than arterial pressure?
Ventricular Ejection
85
What phase of the cardiac cycle has a higher atrial pressure than ventricular pressure?
Ventricular Filling
86
What phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves open?
Ventricular Filling
87
What phases of the cardiac cycle have both AV valves and SL valve closed?
Isovolumetric Contraction and Isovolumetric Relaxation
88
What phase of the cardiac cycle do the SL valves open?
Ventricular Ejection
89
The volume of blood present in the ventricles after atrial contraction?
End Diastolic Volume
90
The volume of the blood ventricles after ventricular ejection
End Systolic Volume
91
What is the normal range of End Diastolic Volume?
120 - 140mL (ave: 130mL)
92
What is the normal range of End Systolic Volume?
50 - 70mL
93
What closure of the valve creates the heart sound S1?
AV valve
94
What closure of the valve creates the heart sound S2?
SL valve
95
Heart sound: "Atrial Gallop"
S4
96
Heart sound: "Ventricular Gallop"
S3
97
Heart sound that is caused by the blood turbulence during ventricular filling
S3
98
Heart sound that is caused by the extra work of atria to pump out the blood to the ventricles
S4
99
True or False: Ventricular Gallop is normal in adults
False (normal in CHILDREN)
100
The amount of blood pumped out per minute
Cardiac Output
101
The amount of blood pumped out per beat
Stroke Volume
102
The formula of Cardiac Output
CO = HR x SV
103
The formula of Stroke Volume
SV = EDV - ESV
104
What is the normal range of Cardiac Output?
5-6L/min
105
What are the factors that talk about the positive or negative changes in heart rate?
Chronotrophy
106
What are the factors that talk about the positive or negative changes in contractility of the heart?
Inotrophy
107
The amount of stretch of ventricles
Preload
108
Law that states an increase in stretch will cause an increase of contraction
Frank-Starling Law
109
Increase of what volume induces an increase in the stretch?
EDV
110
What are the factors that increase venous return?
(+) vein valves, milking action of the muscle and breathing
111
The amount of resistance the heart must overcome to push blood out the heart?
Afterload
112
What is the other name of Afterload?
Systemic Vascular Resistance
113
What components of stroke volume have a direct correlation to it?
Preload and Contractility
114
What component of stroke volume has an indirect correlation to it?
Afterload
115
The formula of blood pressure
BP = CO x TPR
116
What structure has the highest CSA with the slowest velocity of blood flow?
Capillaries
117
What structure has the smallest CSA with the fastest velocity of blood flow?
Aorta
118
The formula of Total Peripheral Resistance flow
TPR flow = Change in Pressure / Resistance
119
Formula: R = 8nl / πr4
Pouiseuille's equation
120
The most important factor in the resistance
Diameter
121
The area with the least resistance inside the blood vessels
Center area
122
The area with the greatest resistance inside the blood vessels
Peripheral area
123
The two types of blood vessel flow
Laminar and Turbulent
124
The formula of change in pressure or perfusion
P = MAP - CVP
125
The normal amount of Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
3-8 mmHg
126
The normal amount of SBP
120 mmHg
127
The normal amount of DBP
80 mmHg
128
The normal amount of MAP
93 mmHg
129
The formula of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
MAP = DBP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
130
The formula of Pulse Pressure
PP = SBP - DBP
131
Two areas with baroreceptors/chemoreceptors
Aortic sinus and Carotid Sinus
132
Which cranial nerve does the aortic sinus send signals to when activated?
CN X
133
Which cranial nerve does the carotid sinus send signals to when activated?
CN IX
134
Where does the aortic and carotid sinus send signals in the hypothalamus?
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
135
What are the two centers that get activated by the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius?
Cardiac Accelatory Center and Vasomotor Center
136
What is the stimulus of the chemoreceptor reflex of the cardiac system?
Amount of oxygen
137
What reflex acts upon the right atrium distention?
Bainbridge reflex
138
RAAS: What hormone does the liver releases when there is a decrease blood pressure?
Angiotensinogen
139
RAAS: What enzyme activates the angiotensinogen?
Renin
140
RAAS: What organ releases Renin?
Kidney
141
RAAS: What enzyme catalyzes Angiotensin I?
ACE
142
RAAS: What organ releases ACE?
Lungs
143
RAAS: What hormone is a potent vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
144
RAAS: What organ does the Angiotensin II activate?
Adrenal Gland (zona glomerulosa)
145
RAAS: How does Aldosterone decrease blood pressure?
Sodium and Water reabsorption
