Respiratory Physiology Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Thoracic Cage: Found superiorly and connects respiratory system to neck region
A
Thoracic Inlet
2
Q
Structure that connects sternum to ribs
A
Costal Cartilage
3
Q
Three parts of sternum
A
Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid
4
Q
Structure at the level T2
A
Jugular/Sternal Notch
5
Q
Structure at the level T10
A
Xiphoid Process
6
Q
Thoracic Cage: Found inferiorly and connects respiratory system to abdominal region
A
Thoracic Outlet
7
Q
Level of Sternal Angle of Louis
A
T4-5
8
Q
Lateral border of Lungs
A
Intercoastal space and Ribs
9
Q
“Verterbo-sternal Ribs”
A
Rib 1-7
10
Q
Floating Ribs
A
Rib 11-12
11
Q
Level of Manubrium
A
T3-4
12
Q
“Vertebro-chondral Ribs”
A
Rib 8-10
13
Q
How do you name the intercoastal space?
A
Basis: superior to the rib prior the ICS
14
Q
Shape of Thoracic Vertebra
A
Heart
15
Q
Anterior border of Thorax
A
Costal Cartilage and Sternum
16
Q
What can you find in a thoracic vertebra that is not in the other vertebra?
A
Costal facets
17
Q
“True Ribs”
A
Rib 1-7
18
Q
Posterior border of Thorax
A
Thoracic Vertebra
19
Q
“False Ribs”
A
Rib 8-10
20
Q
What composes upper respiratory tract?
A
Nose, Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx
21
Q
Zone of the lungs that is for ventilation
A
Conducting Zone
22
Q
Zone of the lungs that is for respiration
A
Respiratory Zone
23
Q
Tracheobronchial tree: Respiratory Zone
A
17-23 generations
24
Q
What composes conducting zone (6)?
A
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Terminal Bronchioles
25
Tracheobronchial tree: Transitional Zone
16-17 generations
26
What composes respiratory zone (4)?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoili
27
Tracheobronchial tree: Conducting Zone
1-16 generations
28
Tracheobronchial tree: 0
Trachea
29
Structure of the nose that filters the air
Epithelial cilia and mucus
30
Cranial nerve innervates the nose
CN I
31
Structure of the nose that warms and humidify the air
Nasal conchae and capillaries
32
"Voice box"
Larynx
33
"Throat"
Pharynx
34
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
35
Level of Larynx
C4-6
36
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to mouth
Osopharynx
37
Who many cartilage larynx has?
9
38
Three unpaired cartilage of larynx
Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottis
39
Division of Pharynx that is posterior to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
40
Cartilage that encircles larynx
Cricoid
41
Level C4-C5
Thyroid
42
Three paired cartilage of larynx
Arytheroid, Cuneiform, Corniculate
43
Cartilage that protects the vocal cord and is in charge of voice pitch
Thyroid
44
Cartilage that is triangular in shape and its major function is to help tension of the voice
Arythenoid`
45
"Trap door"
Epiglottis
46
Level C6
Cricoid`
47
"Laryngeal prominence"
Adam's Apple
48
Two cartilage that supports the tension of the voice
Cuneiform and Corniculate
49
What reflex gets activated during accidental dislodge?
Cough reflex
50
Shape of Cuneiform
Wedge
51
The laryngeal cartilage that is landmark for medical emergency
Cricoid
52
Shape of Corniculate
Horn
53
Lining of larynx: (+) non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
Above vocal cord
54
Movement of cilia in URT
Down
55
Lining of larynx: (+) mucus
Below vocal cord
56
Lining of larynx: (+) moist
Above vocal cord
57
Movement of cilia in LRT
Up
58
Lining of larynx: (+) pseudostratified goblet/columnar/ciliated cells
Below vocal cord
59
Level of trachea
C6-T5
60
"passageway of air"
Bronchi
61
"windpipe"
Trachea
62
Size of Trachea in centimeters
12cm x 2.5cm
63
Orientation of trachea
Anterior to esophagus
64
How many C-shaped rings does Trachea has?
16-20
65
It divides right and left principal bronchi at the level of sternal angle
Carina
66
What level does the trachea ends?
T4-5
67
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Wider
Right
68
What composes the (L) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
"ASIA"
| Apicopost, Superior Lingula, Inferior Lingula, Anterior
69
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Shorter
Right
70
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 2 branches
Left
71
What composes the (L) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
"PALAM"
| Posterior, Apical, Lateral, Anteromedial
72
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Oblique fissure
Both
73
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Horizontal fissure
Right
74
Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 8 lobes
Left
75
What composes the (R) superior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
"APA"
| Apical, Posterior, Anterior
76
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: (+) Lingula
Left
77
Right or Left Secondary Bronchi: 2 lobes
Left
78
What composes the (L) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?
NONE
79
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Narrower
Left
80
What composes the (R) middle bronchopulmonary bronchi?
Lateral, Medial
81
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Horizontal
Left
82
Bronchopulmonary Bronchi: 10 lobes
Right
83
What composes the (R) inferior bronchopulmonary bronchi?
"PALMS"
| Posterior, Anterior, Lateral, Medial, Superior/Apical
84
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: Vertical
Right
85
Right or Left Principal Bronchi: 3 branches
Right
86
Tracheobronchial tree of bronchi
1-3 generations
87
The cough is effective until what segment of tracheobronchial tree?
7th generation
88
Tracheobronchial tree of bronchioles
4-6 generations
89
What type of alveoli has a surfactant?
Type 2
90
What type of alveoli is the main site for gas exchange?
Type 2
91
When does the secretory cells produced?
32nd to 37th days of gestation
92
What condition of premature babies that is due to (-) surfactant?
Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome
93
What substance decreases surface tension in the alveoli to prevent lung collapse?
Surfactant
94
What is the hallmark of Infantile Respiratory Distress syndrome?
(+) round glass opacities
95
Outermost covering of the lungs
Parietal Pleura
96
Space between two lung pleuras
Interpleural Space
97
Innermost covering of the lungs
Visceral Pleura
98
What bronchi is prone in aspiration?
Right Bronchi
99
Lines the inner lining of the chest wall
Parietal Pleura
100
"Gas Exchange"
Respiration
101
"Tissue Respiration"
Internal Respiration
102
Movement of Air
Ventilation
103
The normal atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
104
Law that states that pressure is inversely proportional with volume
Boyle's Law
105
Lining of the lungs that is pain sensitive and involved with pleuritis
Parietal Pleura
106
"Pulmonary Respiratory"
External Respiration
107
Thoracic Cavity Pressure
Slightly negative pressure
108
Increase Volume, Decrease Pressure
Inhalation
109
"Breathing"
Ventilation
110
Decrease Volume, Increase Pressure
Exhalation
111
Primary muscles for inspiration
Diaphragm and External Intercoastal
112
Responsible for 25% inspiration in normal quiet breathing
External Intercoastal
113
Primary muscles for expiration
NONE
114
Muscles that elevates Rib 3-4
Pectoralis
115
Primary muscle of inspiration if diaphragm is weak
SCM
116
Responsible for 75% inspiration in normal quiet breathing
Diaphragm
117
Innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve (C3-5)
118
Muscle used in coughing
Abdominals
119
Indirectly elevates the shoulder
Trapezius
120
Compresses the chest area
Internal Intercoastal
121
Elevates Rib 1-2
Scalenes
122
Mechanism of Expiration
Elastic recoil of diaphragm
123
Four secondary muscle of inspiration
Scalene, SCM, Traps, Pectoralis
124
Two secondary muscle of expiration
Abdominals, Internal Intercostals
125
Two movements of thorax that increase the AP diameter
Pump Handle and Piston Action
126
Movement of thorax by false ribs
Bucket Handle
127
Motion of caliper movement of thorax
Open and Close
128
Two movements of thorax that increase the transverse diameter
Bucket Handle and Caliper Motion
129
Movement of thorax by diaphragm
Piston Action
130
Motion of Pump Handle movement of thorax
Up and Forward
131
Motion of Piston Action movement of thorax
Up and Down
132
Movement of thorax by sternum and 1st rib
Pump Handle
133
Motion of Bucket Handle movement of thorax
Elevation and Outward
134
Movement of thorax by floating ribs
Bucket Handle
135
Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to stretch out
Lung Compliance
136
Air exchange over period of time
Flow Rate
137
Hindrance to the flow rate
Airway Resistance
138
Factor affecting the ventilation by its ability to go back to original state after being stretched
Elasticity
139
Factor affecting the ventilation: RLD
Lung Compliance (Extensibility)
140
Factor affecting the ventilation: Asthma
Airway Resisatnce
141
Factor affecting the ventilation: Emphysema
Elasticity and Airway Resistance
142
Lung Volume: 1000mL
ERV
143
TV + IRV + ERV
Vital Capacity
144
Combinations of two or more lung volume
Lung Capacity
145
Lung Volume: 3000mL
IRV
146
Maximum amount of air exhaled after normal tidal volume
ERV
147
Lung Capacity: 3500mL
IC
148
Maximum amount of air inhaled after normal tidal volume
IRV
149
Lung Volume: 500mL
TV
150
TV + IRV
IC
151
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after normal exhalation
FRC
152
Lung Volume: 1500mL
RV
153
Lung Capacity: 4500mL
VC
154
Amount of air that remains in the lungs maximal normal exhalation
RV
155
Measurement of amount air depending on specific function
Lung Volume
156
Lung Capacity: 6000mL
TLC
157
Lung Capacity: 2500mL
FRC
158
Total amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation
VC
159
Maximum amount of air that lungs can accomodate
TLC
160
ERV + RV
FRC
161
Amount if air that can be inhaled and exhaled in 1 respiratory cycle
TV
162
Maximum amount of air inapired after normal exhalation
IC
163
RV + VC
TLC
164
TLC increase or decrease: (+) RLD
Decrease
165
What lung volume increases if there is a emphysema?
Residual Volume
166
What are the important function of vital capacity?
Assess: can breath deeply, can effectively cough and determines the strength of the muscles for inspiration
167
TLC increase or decrease: (+) OLD
Increase
168
What lung volume decrease if there is a weak abdominals?
ERV
169
5 factors that affects the oxygen-dissociation curve
CO2, Acid, DPG, Exercise, Temp
170
Shift in the curve that has decrease affinity of oxygen
Right Shift
171
Right Shift Effect
Bohr Effect
172
(+) CO2 Transport
Haldane Effect
173
(+) Hgb loading of H+ ions
Bohr Effect
174
Shift in the curve that has increase affinity of oxygen
Left Shift
175
Left Shift Effect
Haldane Effect
176
Effect that is sensitive to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions
Bohr Effect
177
Effect that is sensitive to oxygen concentration
Haldane Effect
178
Ability of arterial blood to carry oxygen
Arterial Oxygen
179
Normal partial pressure of oxygen
80-100 mmHg
180
Measures how much oxygen is in the blood
Oxygen Saturation
181
What PaO2 range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?
<55mmHg
182
It is about the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood
Partial Pressure of Oxygen
183
Normal Oxygen Saturation
95-100%
184
What Oxygen Saturation range indicates a need for supplemental oxygen?
<88%
185
Primary respiratory control center
Medulla
186
Respiratory center that inhibits the inspiratory ramp
Pneumotaxic Center
187
Respiratory center that controls the rate and speed of involuntary respiration
Pons
188
Respiratory center that sends signals to the muscle involved in breathing
Medulla
189
Respiratory Group that forces expiration
Ventral Respiratory Group
190
Respiratory center that produces long and deep inspiration
Apneustic Center
191
Respiratory Group that stimulates inspiration
Dorsal Respiratory Group
192
Respiratory center that is located in lower pons
Apneustic
193
Respiratory center that sends inhibitory signals to apneustic center
Ventral Respiratory Group
194
Respiratory center that is located posteriorly to medulla
Dorsal Respiratory Group
195
Respiratory center that is anteriorly to medulla
Ventral Respiratory Group
196
Respiratory center that increase RR and decreases depth
Pneumotaxic Center
197
Respiratory center that affects timing and inspiratory muscles
Dorsal Respiratory Group
198
Respiratory center that is located in the upper pons
Pneumotaxic Center
199
The protective mechanism to avoid over inflation of the lungs
Herring Breuer Refelx
200
Chemoreceptor near the medulla
Central
201
Amount of lung volume that activates stretch receptors
>1.5L or 1500mL (3x of TV)
202
Chemoreceptors that is sensitive with PaO2
Peripheral
203
What is the stimulus of Central Chemoreceptor?
CO2 and Hydrogen Ions
204
What is the location of peripheral chemoreceptor?
Near aortic Bodies
205
Normal V/Q ratio
0.8
206
Zone of the lungs that has normal V/Q ratio
Zone II or Middle
207
"Total dead space"
Physiologic Deadspace
208
Zone of the lungs that has Increase V/Q ratio
Zone I or Apex
209
A normal dead space composed of conducting zone
Anatomic Dead space
210
V/Q mismatch: (+) atelactasis
Shunt
211
Zone of the lungs that has decrease V/Q ratio
Zone III or Base
212
Zone of the lungs that is gravity independent
Zone I or Apex
213
An abnormal dead space composed of respiratory zone with no gas exhange
Alveolar Dead Space
214
V/Q mismatch: abnormal Q
Dead space
215
V/Q mismatch: (+) increase ratio
Dead Space
216
Zone of the lungs that is gravity dependent
Zone III or Base
217
V/Q mismatch: (+) decrease ratio
Shunt
218
V/Q mismatch: (+) scar or blockage
Alveolar Dead Space
219
1/3 of TV
150 mL
220
V/Q mismatch: abnormal ventilation
Shunt
221
Structure that allows chest wall expansion
Costal Cartilages
222
Structure in the Osopharynx that helps with immunity
Palatine and Lingual Tonsils
