Renal System Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Shape of kidney
A
Bean-shaped
2
Q
Location of kidney
A
Retroperitoneal
3
Q
What structure is located beside the kidney?
A
T12-L3
4
Q
What kidney is slightly lower than another?
A
Right Kidney
5
Q
Size of kidney
A
4 inches
6
Q
Passageway where the blood vessels can enter and exit
A
Renal Hilum
7
Q
What other renal structures exist in the renal hilum?
A
Renal Pelvis and Ureter
8
Q
Space within the hilum
A
Renal Sinus
9
Q
What are the two structures contained in the Renal Sinus?
A
Blood vessel and Renal Pelvis
10
Q
Upper expanded end of the ureter
A
Renal Pelvis
11
Q
The dark brown outer structure of the kidney
A
Renal Cortex
12
Q
The light brown inner structure of the kidney
A
Renal Medulla
13
Q
What composed renal medulla?
A
Renal Pyramid and Renal Column
14
Q
“Apex” of the renal medulla
A
Renal Papilla
15
Q
Medullary extension of renal cortex in between renal pyramids
A
Renal Column
16
Q
Combination of 1 renal pyramid and a segment of renal cortex
A
Renal Lobule
17
Q
Chambers through which urine passes
A
Renal Calyces
18
Q
Collects urine from renal pyramids
A
Minor Calyx
19
Q
Combination of minor calyces
A
Major Calyx
20
Q
Combination of major calyces
A
Renal Pelvis
21
Q
The functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
22
Q
Movement of the fluid inside the kidney
A
Renal Artery to Renal Hilum to Renal Medulla to Renal Papilla = FILTRATION = Renal Calyces to Renal Pelvis to Ureter
23
Q
Renal artery arises to what level of the aorta?
A
L2
24
Q
Division of renal artery that enters the hilum of the kidney
A
Segmental Artery
25
The artery that runs toward the cortex on each side of the renal pyramid
Interlobular Artery
26
Artery that arch over the bases of pyramids
Arcuate Artery
27
Renal Blood Flow: Renal Artery
Renal Artery - Segmental A. - Lobular A. - Interlobular A - Arcuate A. - Cortical Radiate A. - Afferent Arteriole - Glomerulus
28
Renal Blood Flow: Renal Vein
Glomerulus - Efferent Arteriole - Peritubular Capillaries - Cortical Radiate Vein - Arcuate Vein - Interlobular Vein - Renal Vein - IVC
29
Combination of glomerulus and bowman's capsule
Renal Corpuscle
30
Drooping of kidneys
Renal Ptosis
31
Drooping of kidneys below L3
Nephroptosis
32
Enlargement of the kidney due to back glow secondary to blockage
Hydronephrosis
33
Urine Flow
Nephron - Papillary Ducts - Renal Calyces - Renal Pelvis - Ureter - Urinary Bladder - Urethra
34
What population is more prone to urinary infection
Female (shorter urethra)
35
Process of urinary bladder emptying
Micturation
36
The nervous reflex that empties the bladder
Micturition Reflex
37
The stimulus of the micturition reflex
Distention
38
Innervation of the micturition reflex
S2-4
39
"Extraglomerular messengial cells"
Polkissen Cells
40
What kind of receptor are polkissen cells?
Baroreceptors
41
What enzyme is released by the kidney to regulate BP?
Renin
42
The segment of the nephron where most reabsorption occurs?
PCT
43
Chemoreceptor that is located in Early DCT
Macula Densa
44
What is the stimulus of Macula Densa?
Sodium-Chloride sensitive
45
The connective tissue that connects polkissen cells to macula densa
Lacis Cells
46
Macula Densa + Polkissen Cells + Lacis Cells
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
47
Stimulus of JGA
Osmolarity of fluid
48
Carotid sinus ends signals in what area of the brain?
Vasomotor center of Medulla Oblongata
49
What part of the kidney does the vasomotor center send signals to?
JGA
50
What enzyme is released by the liver to regulate BP?
Angiotensinogen
51
Inhibitor of bradykinin
ACE
52
Most potent vasoconstrictor
AT II
53
Artery or Vein: Increase Pressure = Increase SBP
Vein
54
Artery or Vein: Increase Pressure = Increase DBP
Artery
55
What part of Adrenal Gland is activated in the presence of AT II?
Zona Glomerulosa
56
The hormone that controls sodium & water retention + potassium excretion
Aldosterone
57
Aldosterone activates what type of cells in the LDCT?
Principal Cells
58
Principal Cells: Excrete 3 sodium, Absorb 2 potassium
G1
59
Principal Cells: Activates potassium channels
G3
60
Principal Cells: Activates sodium channels
G2
61
ATII activates what specific part of the hypothalamus to release ADH?
Supraoptic Nucleus
62
Function of Intraglomerular Messengial Cells
Phagocytosis and Contractile Function
63
Holds basement membrane and acts like a filter
Podocytes
64
Fenestrated Capillaries allow how many nanometers of substances?
5-10 nm
65
Filtration slits allow how many nanometers of substances?
25-30 nm
66
Slit Diaphragm allows how many nanometers of substances?
7-9 nm
67
"Split Diaphragm"
Nephrin
68
Normal GFR Rate
125 mL/min
69
Urine Excretion formula
(Filtration - Reabsorption) + Secretion
70
Factors that influence GFR
NFR, Surface Area, Rate of Permability
71
NFR: Pressure pushing plasm out of capillaries into Bowman's Capsule
Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
72
NFR: Plasma proteins that keep H20 in the blood
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
73
Normal GHP
55 mmHg
74
NFR Formula
GHP - (COP + CHP)
75
NFR: Extended by the actual pressure in the bowman's capsule
Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
76
Normal COP
30 mmHg
77
Normal CHP
15 mmHg
78
Autoregulator that protects nephron from being rupture
Afferent Arteriole
79
Two autoregulation mechanism
Myogenic Mechanism and Tubuloglomerular Feedback
80
Autoregulation maintains arterial pressure between what range?
80-100 mmHg
81
Autoregulation due to dilation of AA
Myogenic Mechanism
82
Release of what component facilitates depolarization in Myogenic Mechanism?
Calcium release
83
What is the end effect of the Myogenic Mechanism?
AA Shrinkage
84
What substance does the Macula Densa release to signal afferent arterioles after getting stimulate with increase tubular fluid
ATP and Adenosine
85
Movement of water in osmosis
Lower solute to high solute (where Na goes, H20 follows)
86
Number of osmotically active moles
Osmoles
87
Number of osmoles per liter of H20
Osmolarity
88
Cell Shrinking
Hypertonicity
89
Decrease concentration outside the cell
Hypotonicity
90
Number of osmoles per kilogram of H20
Osmolality
91
Cell Swelling
Hypotonicity
92
Increase concentration outside the cell
Hypertonicity
93
Normal osmolality in renal
290 mosm/L
94
How much sodium is absorbed in PCT?
65%
95
What substance maintains acid buffer?
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
96
Acid-base balance equation
H + HCO3 = H2CO3 = H + HCO3
97
What enzyme breakdowns carbonic acid?
Carbonic Anhydrase
98
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Buffer
HCO3 reabsorption in the blood and H+ excretion
99
Where does H+ get excreted?
PCT
100
What are the two channels included in Acid-Buffer Balance?
Na + HCO3 co-transport and Na + H20 exchanged
101
Hyperosmolar Medullary Instertitium is produced by what mechanisms?
Counter-current multiplier and Urea Cycling
102
Another name of hyperosmolar medullary interstitium
Corticopapillary Gradient
103
Who facilitates Counter-current exchange?
Vasa Recta
104
Two mechanisms of urine concentration and dilation
Hyperosmolar Medullary Instertitium & Role of ADH
105
Is there a change of osmolality from the glomerulus to PCT?
NONE
106
Special channels in thick ascending LOH that helps with hyperosmolality of medullary interstitium
Na - K - 2Cl symporter
107
Special channels in Early DCT that helps with hyperosmolality of medullary interstitium
Na - Cl transport
108
Maximum osmolarity gradient in the medullary and papillary area
1200 mos/L
109
Area of renal tubules that is impermeable to water
Half of Thin Descending LOH, Ascending LOH, Early DCT
110
Who facilitates the Counter-current multiplier?
LOH
111
Counter-current multiplier mechanism
Descending LOH pumps out H20 and Ascending LOH pumps out Na-K-2CL out into the medullary interstitium
112
Area of renal tubules that is permeable to water
PCT, Half of Thin Descending LOH
113
Descending LOH is impermeable to what substance?
Solutes
114
Where is the medullary dilating segment?
Thick Ascending LOH
115
Ascending LOH is impermeable to what substance?
H20
116
Descending LOH is permeable to what substance?
H20
117
Where is the cortical dilating segment?
Early DCT
118
Ascending LOH is permeable to what substance?
Solutes
119
Location of Urea Recycling
Inner Medullary Collecting Ducts
120
Who reabsorbed urea in renal tubules to prevent overexpression of hyperosmolarity?
Thin LOH
121
Where can you find the diluted luminal fluid?
DCT
122
What mechanism maintains the hyperosmolarity by preventing rapid removal of Na-Cl?
Counter-current exchanger
123
Where does ADH store and released?
Posterior Pituitary Gland
124
What part of renal tubule ADH works?
Late DCT and CD
125
What stimulates the release of ADH to the renal tubule?
Dehydration (Increase plasma osmolality)
126
Most diluted fluid in presence of ADH
LCTD and CD
127
What substance produces yellow hues in urine?
Urobilin
128
What is the sensory stimulation of the micturition reflex?
Distention of detrusor muscle
129
Two parts of the micturition reflex
Storage and Emptying
130
What happens in the involved structure in the storage part of the micturition reflex?
EUS and IUS contraction + Detrusor relaxation
131
What happens in the involved structure in the emptying part of the micturition reflex?
EUS voluntary relaxed, IUS involuntary relaxed, Detrusor relaxed
132
Incontinence: (+) spastic baldder
Urge
133
Incontinence: Normal Bladder
Functional
134
Incontinence: Flaccid bladder
Overflow
135
Incontinence: Weak support of bladder and urethra
Stress
136
PT management with overflow incontinence
Crede Maneuver
137
Incontinence: MC in elderly
Urge
138
Incontinence: Mind and Body is not working
Functional
139
Incontinence: laugh or cough
Stress
140
Incontinence: overdistention of detrusor
Overflow
141
Where does the concentration of urine occur?
DCT
142
Urinary bladder can store how many mL of urine?
400-600 mL
143
Residual volume of urine after emptying
NONE or 0mL
144
What inhibits the secretion of ADH?
Increase blood volume
