Endocrine System Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Second great controlling center
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
Loops that act to oppose the stimulus
A
Negative Feedback Loop
3
Q
Influence target cells at another location in the body
A
Hormones
4
Q
Seven Major Endocrine Glands
A
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads
5
Q
Eight other organs that secretes hormone
A
Heart, Pineal gland, Thymus Gland, Kidney, Stomach, Small Intestine, Adipocytes, Placenta
6
Q
How many hormones does the hypothalamus release?
A
Eight (8)
7
Q
Inhibits release of growth hormone
A
Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) or Somatostatin
8
Q
Stimulates release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone
A
Corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH)
9
Q
Inhibits the release of prolactrin
A
Dopamine or Prolactin inhibiting factor
10
Q
Stimulates release of growth hormone
A
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
11
Q
Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin
A
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
12
Q
Stimulates release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
13
Q
Hormone for milk ejection and uterine contraction
A
Oxytoxin
14
Q
The hormone that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
A
ADH or Vasopressin
15
Q
Location of pituitary gland
A
Sella Turcica
16
Q
Other name of anterior pituitary
A
Adenohypophysis
17
Q
Other name of pituitary gland
A
Hypophysis
18
Q
“Somatrortopic hormone”
A
Growth Hormone
19
Q
Hormones that promotes mammary gland development
A
Prolactin
20
Q
Hormones that stimulates melanin production
A
Melanocytes Stimulating Hormone
21
Q
Hormones that cause growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
A
Follicle Stimulating Hormones
22
Q
Other name of posterior pituitary
A
Neurohypophysis
23
Q
Origin of anterior pituitary gland
A
Pharyngeal epithelium
24
Q
Hormones that stimulate synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
A
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
25
Hormones that stimulate testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, the formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
Luteinizing Hormone
26
Origin of posterior pituitary gland
Neural tissue
27
Hormones that stimulate protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues
Growth Hormone
28
Hormones that stimulate synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
29
Two hormones that is stored and released in posterior pituitary gland
ADH and Oxytocin
30
Hormones that promotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration
Calcitonin
31
Hormones increase the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rate
T3-T4 Hormones
32
T4
Thyroxine
33
Slow onset thyroid hormone
T4 (Thyroxine)
34
Slow onset thyroid hormone
T4 (Thyroxine)
35
Thyroid hormone that acts on peripheral tissue
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
36
What thyroid hormones is 4x more potent
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
37
Fast onset thyroid hormone
T3 (Triiodothyronine)
38
Thyroid gland produced T3 in how many percentage?
7%
39
Thyroid hormone that has longer duration of action
T4
40
Thyroid gland produced T4 in how many percentage?
93%
41
Thyroid hormone that has short duration of action
T3
42
How does T4 functions?
It needed to be converted to T3 in peripheral tissue
43
Hormones that promote and development of the body and SNS
T3-4
44
Four small pieces on the posterior side of thyroid
Parathyroid Gland
45
Hormones that control serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bones
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
46
Excess activity of parathyroid hormone can produce what condition?
Hypercalcemia
47
The visceral organ that has endocrine and exocrine function
Pancreas
48
Hormone formed by alpha cells
Glucagon
49
Hormones that promotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolism
Insulin
50
What cells forms insulin?
Beta cells
51
Hormones that increase the synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluids
Glucagon
52
What cells forms somatostatin?
Delta cells
53
If there is a decrease in glucose in the gland, what hormones get activated?
Glucagon
54
Hormones that inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin
Somatostatin
55
Two small glands located superior to the kidney
Adrenal Gland
56
Three zones of adrenal cortex
Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis
57
Hormones that have multiple metabolic functions for controlling the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effects
Cortisol
58
Hormones that increase renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion
Aldosterone
59
What hormones produced in Zona Reticularis?
Androgen
60
What hormones produced in Zona Fascicularis?
Cortisol
61
Adrenocortical hormones that has affect the electrolytes of the extracellular fluids, especially sodium and potassium
Minerocorticoids
62
What hormones produced in Zona Glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
63
Adrenocortical hormones that has an effects that increase blood glucose concentration.
Glucocorticoids
64
A very potent hormone that accounts for about 90 percent of all mineralocorticoid activity
Aldosterone
65
A very potent hormone accounts for about 95 percent of all glucocorticoid activity
Cortisol
66
Hormones that affect pubic and axillary growth
Androgen
67
"Stress hormone"
Cortisol
68
Cortisol shifts glucose to what metabolism?
Fat Metabolism
69
Two hormones in adrenal medulla that has same effects as sympathetic stimulation
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
70
Hormones that promotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics
Testerone
71
Hormones that stimulate secretion of “uterine milk” by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes the development of secretory apparatus of breasts
Progesterone
72
Hormones that promotes growth and development of the female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristics
Estrogen
73
Hormones that cause cervical dilation
Relaxin
74
Hormones released in the heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
75
Hormones released in Adipocytes
Leptin
76
Where does secretin and cholecystokinin released from?
Small Intestine
77
Three hormones released in Kidney
Renin, 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Erythropoietin
78
Hormones that stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells
Gastrin
79
Hormones that stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release
| bicarbonate and water
Secretin
80
Hormones that increase intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralization
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
81
Hormones that inhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesis
Leptin
82
Hormones that stimulate gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
83
Gland that located posterior to sternum between and two lungs
Thymus Gland
84
Hormones that induces sleep and decrease fertility
Melatonin
85
Hormones that stimulates maturation of T-cells (cell-mediated immunity)
Thymosin
86
Hormones that catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to
| angiotensin I
Renin
87
Where does HCG and Human somatomammotropin produced?
Placenta
88
Hormones that promotes the growth of corpus luteum and secretion of
estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteum
Human chorionic gonadotropin
89
Hormones that increases erythrocyte production
Erythropoietin
90
Hormones that probably helps promote development of some
| fetal tissues as well as the mother’s breasts
Human somatomammotropin
91
Thymus Gland only function only until?
Puberty
92
3 causes of hypopituitarism
Genetic, Tumor, Infection
93
(+) Small with normal proportion body and intelligence
Dwarfism
94
(+) membranous bones thickens and soft tissue grows
Acromegaly
95
(+) increase production of ADH
SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone)
96
Condition common with patients with hyperthyroidism develop some degree of protrusion of the eyeball
Exophthalmos
97
The most common form of hyperthyroidism,
is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) form against the TSH receptor in the thyroid gland.
Graves' Disease
98
Hyperthyroidism occasionally results from a localized adenoma (a tumor) that develops in the thyroid tissue and secretes large quantities of thyroid hormone.
Thyroid Adema
99
Cause of panhypopituitarism
Congenital or Tumor
100
Hyperpituitarism that happens during childhood
Gigantism
101
Hyperpituitarism that happens during adult
Acromegaly
102
Condition that is due to non-cancerous tumor that causes excessive prolactin
Prolactinoma
103
Condition that has decrease sodium concentration in the blood
Hyponatremia
104
Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: Hyponatremia
Severe
105
Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: anorexia
Mild
106
Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: weight gain
Severe
107
Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: confusion, coma, convulsion
Severe
108
Severe or Mild s/sx of SIADH: vomiting
Mild
109
Excessive Urination
Polyuria
110
Excessive Thirst
Polydypsia
111
Hyperthyroidism is initiated by autoimmunity against the thyroid gland, but immunity that destroys the gland rather than stimulates it.
Hashimoto's disease
112
Hyperthyroidism caused by the increased mass of the thyroid due to a lack of iodine
Goiter
113
Function of iodine
Necessary in the of thyroid hormones
114
Two clinical manifestations of Hyperthyroidism
Myxedema and Creitism
115
(+) bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face.
Myxedema
116
Clinical manifestation of hyperthyroidism is characterized especially by failure of body growth and by mental retardation
Creitism
117
When does creitism occur in an individual?
fetal life, infancy, or childhood
118
Condition due to the removal parathyroid glands
Hypoparathyroidism
119
Signs and Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism
Tetany and Laryngeal Spasm
120
Spasm of these muscles obstructs respiration, which is the usual cause of death in tetany unless appropriate treatment is applied.
Laryngeal muscles
121
Condition due to the tumor at parathyroid gland and causes inappropriate, excess PTH secretion.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
122
Primary Hyperparathyroidism occurs more frequently in what population?
Female (pregnancy and lactation stimulate the parathyroid glands and therefore predispose to the development of such a tumor)
123
The condition that has high levels of PTH occurs as a compensation for hypocalcemia rather than as a primary abnormality of the parathyroid glands.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
124
Two causes of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency and Chronic Renal Disease
125
Nine symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
MEND SWIFT: Muscle weakness, high excitability, nervousness, diarrhea, increased sweating, weight loss, intolerance to heat, extreme fatigue but cannot sleep and hand tremors
126
Twelve symptoms of Hypothyroidism
FISHESSS GDDD: Fatigue, increased body weight, extreme somnolence, husky voice, edematous appearance, sluggishness, slow HR, scaly skin, constipation, decrease CO, decrease BV, decrease hair growth
127
(+) DM due to decrease ADH
Diabetes Insipidus
128
(+) DM: insulin-dependent
DM 1
129
(+) DM: insulin resistant
DM 2
130
The condition that results from an inability of the adrenal cortices to produce sufficient adrenocortical hormones, and this, in turn, is most frequently caused by primary atrophy or injury of the adrenal cortices
Addison's Disease (Hypoadrenalism)
131
S/sm of Addison's that occurs in sunlight exposure
Bronzing of skin
132
Four s/sx due to decrease aldosterone
Hyponatremia, mild acidosis, hyperkalemia, fatigue
133
Two s/sx due to decrease cortisol
Muscle weakness, fatigue
134
Hypersecretion by the adrenal cortex causes a complex cascade of hormone effects called what?
Cushing syndrome
135
(+) Excess ACTH secretion of APG
Cushing Disease
136
Six s/sx of Hyperadronalism
Buffalo torso, moon face, purple striae, hirsutism, acne, osteoporosis
137
(+) a small tumor of the zona glomerulosa cells occurs and secretes large amounts of aldosterone
Conn's Syndrome (Aldosterinism)
138
Three s/sx of Aldosterinism
Hypokalemia, Alkanosis, Muscle Paralysis
139
(+) rapid development of secondary male sexual characteristic
Androgenital syndrome
140
(+) decrease estrogen
Polysistic ovaries syndrome
141
DM: hereditary
DM 1
142
Major important risk of DM
Obesity
143
DM: non-insulin dependent
DM 2
144
DM: metabolic acidosis
DM 1
145
Treatment of DM 2
Exercise, Caloric Restriction, Weight Reduction
146
Treatment of DM 1
Insulin Pumps
147
Delayed or loss of menstruation
Amenorrhea
148
Five s/sx of PCOS
Amenorrhea, Acne, Insuline resistant, Obesity, Vaginal Cramps
149
Radiographic diagnostic of PCOS
Ultrasound
