Digestive System Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
Q
Layers of GIT wall (inner to outer)
A
Mucosa, Submucosa, Circular Smooth Muscle Layer, Longitudinal Smooth Muscle Layer, Serosa
2
Q
Gastrointestinal smooth muscle function as what?
A
Syncytium
3
Q
“Brain of the Gut”
A
Enteric Nervous System
4
Q
How many neurons are there in the ENS?
A
100 million
5
Q
Two plexus of ENS
A
Submucosal and Myenteric Plexus
6
Q
Other name of Submucosal Plexus
A
Meissner’s Plexus
7
Q
Outer plexus that lies between longitudinal and circular muscle layer
A
Myenteric / Auerbach
8
Q
Inner Plexus that lies at submucosa
A
Submucosal / Meissner
9
Q
Slow, undulating changes in the RMP of GI smooth muscle
A
Slow Waves
10
Q
Electrical pacemakers of smooth muscle cells
A
Interstitial cells of Cajal
11
Q
Threshold potential of GI muscle
A
-40 mv
12
Q
Plexus for GI mobility
A
Myenteric / Auerbach
13
Q
Does myenteric plexus has a inhibitory function?
A
YES
14
Q
Factors that depolarize GI membrane
A
(1) Stretching of muscle, (2) Stimulation of Acetylcholine, (3) Stimulation of specific GI hormones
15
Q
Slow acting channels present in the GI membrane
A
Calcium-Sodium Channels
16
Q
Wave that occur automatically when RMP becomes more positive than -40 mv
A
Spike Potentials
17
Q
RMP of GIT
A
-50 to -60 mv
18
Q
Plexus for GI secretion and local blood flow
A
Submucosal / Meissner
19
Q
Intensity of slow wave
A
5-15MV
20
Q
“True Action Potential”
A
Spike Potentials
21
Q
What initiates spike potential?
A
Slow waves
22
Q
PSNS or SNS: excitation of GIT
A
PSNS
23
Q
PSNS or SNS: Thoracolumbar
A
SNS
24
Q
PSNS or SNS: inhibition of GIT
A
SNS
25
PSNS or SNS: Craniosacral
PSNS
26
Factors that hyperpolarize the membrane
(1) Effect of NE and Epi, (2) Stimulation of sympathetic nerves
27
True or False: Slow waves do not cause calcium ions to enter the smooth muscle fiber
True (only sodium ions)
28
Myenteric plexus is useful in inhibiting what structure?
Spinchter
29
Sphincter that controls emptying of stomach into the duodenum
Pyloric Sphincter
30
What accounts for the long duration of AP in the GIT membrane?
Slow opening and closing of Ca-Na channels
31
Sacral division of PSNS that supplies GIT
S2-4
32
Thoracolumbar division of SNS that supplies GIT
T5-L2
33
Cranial division of PSNS that supplies GIT
CN X
34
Sphincter that controls emptying from the small intestine into the cecum
Sphincter of ileocecal valve
35
Reflexes that control GIT secretion, peristalsis, mixing contractions and local inhibitory effects
Reflexes integrated entirely within the gut wall
36
Reflex that send signals from the stomach to cause evacuation of the colon
Gatrocolic Reflex
37
Reflex from the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents to the colon
Colonoileal reflex
38
Reflex that signals general inhibition of entire GIT
Pain Reflex
39
Reflex that produce the powerful colonic, rectal and abdominal contractions
Defecation reflex
40
Reflex signals from the colon and small intestines to inhibit stomach motility and stomach secretion
Enterogastric reflex
41
Three GIT Reflexes
Entire wall gut, Prevertebral Sympathetic Ganglia, Spinal Cord & Brainste,
42
Who acts as passageway of reflex signals from the stomach and duodenum to control gastric motility
CN X
43
80% composition of CN X
Afferent Nerve FIber
44
What hormones does G cells secretes?
Gastrin
45
Hormones that promote pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate
Secretin & Cholecystokinin
46
What hormones does M cells secretes?
Motilin
47
Hormones that is secreted during fasting
Motilin
48
Hormones that inhibits appetite
CCK
49
What hormones does S cells secretes?
Secretin
50
Hormones that stimulates growth of gastric mucosa
Gastrin
51
What hormones does I cells secretes?
Cholecystokinin
52
Hormones that stimulates insulin release
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
53
Hormones that growth of exocrine pancreas
Cholecystokinin
54
What hormones do K cells secrete?
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
55
Hormones that stimulates gastric acid secretion
Gastrin
56
Hormones that inhibits gastric acid secretion
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide & Secretin
57
Hormones that increase gastrointestinal motility
Motilin
58
Hormones that stimulates gallbladder contraction
Cholecystokinin
59
Hormones that inhibits gastric emptying
Cholecystokinin
60
What neutralizes the acid in the GIT
Bicarbonate
61
Movements in GIT that cause food to move forward along the the tract at an appropriate rate
Propulsive movements
62
Movements in GIT that keeps the intestinal contents thoroughly mixed
Mixing Movements
63
Inherent property of many syncytial smooth muscles
Peristalsis
64
Usual stimulus for intestinal peristalsis
Distention of the gut
65
What initiates a peristaltic movement?
Contractile ring
66
How long does the contractile ring lasts before dying out?
5-10 cm
67
Peristaltic reflex + anal direction of movement of peristalsis
Law of the gut
68
What allows food to be propelled more easily toward the anus
Receptive Relaxation
69
What structure helps in churning the bolus
Sphincter
70
What causes chopping and shearing of intestinal contents?
Local intermittent constrictive contractions
71
Addition of H2O to catalyze complex food particles into simple and smaller unit
Hydrolysis
72
Anterior border of the oral cavity
Oral Vestibule
73
How many force can a molar generate?
200 lbs (90 kg)
74
Teeth from cutting
Incisor
75
Floor of the oral cavity
Tongue
76
Roof of the oral cavity
Palate
77
Teeth for grinding
Molar
78
Innervation of Muscle of Mastication
CN V3 (maxillary division)
79
Important for digestion of all foods
Chewing
80
What initiates rebound contraction of chewing reflex?
Jaw drop
81
What initiates chewing reflex?
Presence of bolus in the mouth
82
Posterior border of the oral cavity
Palatoglossal arch
83
Rate of digestion is dependent with ______ exposed to the digestive enzyme
Total surface area
84
pH level of saliva
6-7
85
Digestive enzyme in the oral cavity that helps digest lipids
Linguial Lipase
86
Digestive enzyme n the oral cavity that helps digest carbohydrates
Salivary Amylase (Alpha amylase)
87
Other name of Salivary Amylase
Pfyalin
88
Largest extrinsic salivary glands
Parotid Gland
89
Duct present in submandibular gland
Warton's duct
90
What kind of saliva does sublingual gland?
Serous and Mucus
91
Duct present in parotid gland
Stensen Duct
92
What kind of saliva does parotid gland?
Serous
93
Duct present in Sublingual gland
Duct of Rivinus
94
Location where parotid duct drains its saliva
2nd maxillary molar
95
What kind of saliva does submandibular gland?
Serous and Mucus
96
The location where Warton's duct drains its saliva
Lingual Frenelum
97
How many saliva is produced in intrinsic salivary gland?
20%
98
Intrinsic salivary gland
Buccal, Labid, Palatin
99
Location where duct of Rivinus drains its saliva
Tongue
100
How many saliva is produced in extrinsic salivary gland?
80%
101
Condition of parotid gland caused by paramyxovirus
Mumps
102
Saliva is release at constant rate
Intrinsic Salivary Gland
103
Saliva is released based on stimuli
Extrinsic Salivary Gland
104
Normal range of saliva released per day
800-1500 mL
105
Type of cells for lubrication and protection
Mucous
106
Type of saliva that contains alpha-amylase
Serous
107
Three stages of Ingestion
Voluntary, Pharyngeal and Esophageal
108
What is the movement of the tongue when the individual swallows the bolus from their mouth?
Upward and backward against the palate
109
Innervation of tongue muscles
CN 12
110
Tongue muscles for formation of central through
Intrinsic tongue muscle
111
Tongue muscle for upward and backward motion
Extrinsic and Backward motion
112
Direction of bolus in oropharynx
Downward
113
What CN detects bolus in the mouth and moves uvula upward?
CN X
114
Direction of bolus in nasopharynx
Upward
115
Direction of bolus in larynx
Downward and Anterior
116
Muscle that contracts to close nasopharynx
Levator veli palatini
117
Two structures in closing of larynx
Vocal cords & Epiglottis
118
What muscle elevate pharynx and pull larynx upward?
Outer longitudinal muscle
119
What muscle compresses the upper esophageal sphincter?
Cricopharyngerous
120
What muscle helps with pharyngeal peristalsis?
Inner circular muscle
121
What muscle pulls larynx upward and outward?
Suprahyoid
122
What causes primary peristalsis in the esophageal stage?
Simply a continuation of pharyngeal peristalsis
123
Secondary peristalsis in the esophageal stage occurs when?
When primary peristalsis fails
124
Disease with aganglionic neurons of myenteric plexus with megacolon affectation
Hirschsprung's Disease
125
Location of stomach
Left Side
126
Two glands of the stomach
Oxyntic and Pyloric
127
Oxyntic cells are responsible for how many percentages of secretion?
80%
128
Where does Vitamin B12 absorption happen?
Ileum
129
"Chief cells" in the Oxyntic gland
Peptic cells
130
Parietal cells secrete what chemicals?
Hydrochloric acid and Intrinsic Factor
131
The pyloric gland secretes what hormone?
Gastrin
132
"Oxyntic cells" in the Oxyntic gland
Parietal cells
133
Peptic cells secret what molecule?
Pepsinogen
134
Glycoprotein for Vitamin B12 absorption
Intrinsic Factor
135
Protein that helps with digestion of protein
Pepsinogen
136
The resulting mixture of bolus and digestive juices that passes down the gut
Chyme
137
What condition is due to an intrinsic factor deficiency?
Pernicious Anemia
138
What structure increases the total surface area in the stomach?
Rugae
139
How many bolus can be stored in the stomach
0.8-1.5 L of food
140
What produces retropulsion mixing movement in the stomach?
Pyloric Sphincter
141
What produces the rhythmical peristaltic contraction during hunger contraction?
Body of the stomach
142
The condition where the lower esophageal sphincter is partially open?
GERD
143
What worsens GERD?
Stress
144
Five factors that increase gastric emptying
(1) Increase distention (2) Hormones (3) Size and Temperature (4) Disease/Surgery (5) PSNS
145
Two factors that decrease gastric emptying
(1) Duodenal Factors (2) Hormonal Feedback
146
Two hormones that increase gastric emptying
Gastric and Motilin
147
Succession of Emptying
Carbs > Lipids > Proteins
148
Reflex stimulates inhibition of the pyloric pump
Enterogastric reflex
149
Two hormones that decrease gastric emptying
CCK and GIP
150
Five causes of duodenal inhibition of gastric emptying
O, DIBA: (1) Osmolality of CHyme (2) Distention of duodenum (3) Irritation (4) Breakdown of products (5) Acidity of Chyme
151
Three parts of Small Intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
152
Location in the small intestine that has most chemical digestion
Duodenum
153
Structures present in Jejunum
Villi and microvilli
154
Function of microvilli
Increase surface area
155
Location in the small intestine that has most absorption
Jejunum
156
The longest part small intestine
Ileum
157
Structure in the duodenum that release mucus that is bicarbonate rich
Brunner's gland
158
Mixing contraction of the small intestine
Segmentation
159
Chyme travel time in Small Intestine
3-5 hrs
160
Rate of propulsion in the small intestine
Slow movement for absorption
161
A reflex that intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and forces chyme through the ileocecal valve to the cecum
Gastroileal Reflex
162
How much water and electrolytes are absorbed in the jejunum?
95%
163
A reflex in the small intestine due to distention that excites the myenteric plexus
Gastroenteric Reflex
164
What other substances are absorbed in jejunum?
Ions, carbs, fat, and proteins
165
What prevents the backflow of fecal contents from the colon into the small intestine?
Ileocecal valve
166
Powerful and rapid peristalsis occurs during diarrhea
Peristaltic Rush
167
The small Intestine digestive enzyme that breakdown proteins?
Peptidases
168
The enzyme that catalyzes maltose in the small intestine
Maltase
169
Monosaccharide of sucrose
Fructose + Glucose
170
The enzyme that catalyzes lactose in the small intestine
Lactase
171
The enzyme that catalyzes maltose in the oral cavity
Alpha-amylase
172
Monosaccharide of maltose
Glucose + Glucose
173
The enzyme that catalyzes sucrose in the small intestine
Sucrase
174
What type of transport does glucose use?
Secondary Active Transport (Sodium-Glucose Co-transport)
175
Monosaccharide of lactose
Galactose + Glucose
176
What type of transport does fructose use?
Facilitated Diffusion
177
The small Intestine digestive enzyme that breakdown triglyceride?
Intestinal Lipase
178
Monosaccharide of triglyceride
Fatty Acids + Glycerol
179
"Duct of Wirsurg"
Main Pancreatic Duct
180
11 parts of hepatobiliary tree
(1) Liver, (2) R&L hepatic duct, (3) Common Hepatic Duct, (4) Cystic Duct, (5) Common Bile Duct, (6) Gallbladder, (7) Pancreas, (8) Main Pancreatic Duct, (9) Accessory Pancreatic Duct, (10) Ampulla of Vater and (11) Sphincter of Oddi
181
"Duct of Santorini"
Accessory Pancreatic Duct
182
A visceral organ that has an exocrine and endocrine function
Pancreas
183
How much does the endocrine function of the Pancreas have?
1% (Islet of Langerhans)
184
How much does the exocrine function of the Pancreas have?
99% (Acini)
185
Cells that produce glucagon
Alpha
186
Beta cells produce what substance?
Insulin
187
Cells that produce somatostatin
Delta
188
What enzyme catalyzes trypsinogen to trypsin?
Enterokinase
189
Trypsin catalyzes what products?
Chemotrypsin, Carboxypolypeptidase, Proelastase
190
Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Pancreatic Amylase
Carbs
191
Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Pancreatic Lipase
Fats
192
Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Trypsin
Proteins
193
Carbs or Fats or Proteins: Chemotrypsin
Proteins
194
Are trypsin and chemotrypsin active in pancreas?
NO
195
What substance breakdown red meat?
Elastase
196
What condition results from dysfunctional trypsin inhibitor at pancreas?
Acute pancreatis
197
It neutralizes the acid chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?
Pancreatic Bicarbonate
198
The pancreatic secretion that increases gastric motility
Acetylcholine
199
Hormones that activates the pancreas to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate
CCK & Secretin
200
The second-largest organ in the body
Liver
201
The functional unit of liver
Lobule
202
The secretion that emulsifies fat
Bile
203
What structure stores and secretes bile?
Gallbladder
204
Liver cells that produce bile
Hepatocytes
205
The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and relaxation the sphincter of Oddi
CCK
206
Site in GIT where the feces is formed
Large Intestine
207
Chyme time travel in the large intestine
72 hours
208
Two functions of the large intestine
(1) 5-10% absorption H20 and electrolytes (2) storage of fecal matter
209
The portion of the large intestine that is for absorption
Proximal 1/2
210
Chyme at cecum
Fluid
211
Chyme at the transverse colon
Mushy
212
Chyme at the sigmoid colon
Semi-solid
213
Good bacteria in the proximal 1/2 of the large intestine that aids the formation of vitamin K
Colon Bacilli
214
What substance does colon bacilli digest?
Cellulose
215
Chyme at the ascending colon
Semi-fluid
216
Chyme at the descending colon
Semi-mushy
217
Mixing movement of the large intestine
Haustrations
218
Three longitudinal strips of muscle in the large intestine
Teniae colli
219
Chyme at Rectum
Solid
220
Storage colon
Distal 1/2
221
Propulsive movements in the large intestine
Mass Movement
222
What type of peristalsis is present in the large intestine that results in longer relaxation time
Modified Peristalsis
223
Two reflexes that aid mass movements
Gastrocolic and Duodenocolic Reflex
224
What structure is present in the large intestine that adheres feces together?
Crypts of Lieberkun
225
True or False: Large intestine has a digestive enzyme
False
226
What structure gives greater storage and aids added resistance in the large intestine?
Sharp angulation of anus
227
EAS is controlled by what?
Pudendal Nerve
228
During defecation reflex, IAS and EAS are in what state?
Relaxed
229
True or False: Feces is 1/4 water and 3/4 solid
False
230
What makes feces color brown?
Stercobilin and Urobilin
231
Composition of flatus
Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane
232
________ not produced in the gut, but a component of environmental air.
Nitrogen
233
Five signals of defecation
(1) Take a deep breath (2) Closure of glottis (3) Abdominal wall contraction (4) Pelvic Floor Relaxation (5) Outward pull of the anal ring
234
The anal sphincter which can be voluntarily controlled
External
235
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Pernicious Anemia
Vitamin B12
236
Vitamin A
Retinol
237
Vitamin K
Mequinone
238
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Scurvy
Vitamin C
239
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Hemorrhage
Vitamin K
240
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalmin
241
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
242
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Pellagra
Vitamin B3
243
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
244
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Rickets (child)
Vitamin D
245
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Beri-beri
Vitamin B1
246
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
247
Vitamin deficiency: (+) night blindness
Vitamin A
248
Vitamin B2 deficiency
Dementia, Diarrhea, Dermatitis
249
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Seizures, Dermatitis
250
Vitamin D deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
251
Vitamin deficiency: (+) Hemolytic Anemia
Vitamin E
252
Vitamin E
Tocophorol
253
Vitamin D
Calciferol
254
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
255
Niacin
Vitamin B3
256
Vitamin is an essential role in blood clotting
Vitamin K
257
Vitamin that is for wound healing
Vitamin C
258
Fat-soluble vitamins
ADEK
259
Vitamin that regulates the circulating levels of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
260
Vitamine act as an antioxidant, preventing oxidative stress and protecting fatty acids in your cell membranes from free radicals.
Vitamin E
