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Anesthesiology > Cardiovascular systeem, ECG, Blood pressure, and Temp > Flashcards

Cardiovascular systeem, ECG, Blood pressure, and Temp Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Should low tech monitoring be used even if specialized equipment is being used?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Specialized equipment

A

ECG, BP (doppler, ocillometric, direct)

Pulse ox, Expiratory.end tidal CO2

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3
Q

When should animals be monitored?

A

Anytime heavy sedation is produced; vigilence depends on how profound the sedation is

Anytime anesthesia is produced; regardless of condition/procedure/duration

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4
Q

What equipment can we use to assess heart rate?

A
  1. Auscultation- stethoscope
  2. Pulse oximeter- accuracy?
  3. Doppler
  4. ECG
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5
Q

What does the parasympathetic system influence in respect to HR?

A
  1. SA and AV nodes
  2. Muscarinic receptors

Increase in parasympathetic tone results in bradycardia

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic system influence in respect to HR?

A
  1. SA and AV nodes,
  2. Ventricles
  3. Alpha-1, Beta-1/2 receptors

Increase in sympathetic tone results in tachycardia

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7
Q

What increases parasympathetic tone? (Bradycardia)

A 
Pressure on eyes/viscera
Drugs
Profound anestthetic depth
High serum potassium
SA node disease
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8
Q

What causes increases in sympathetic tone? (Tachycardia)

A 
Stimulation/pain
Hypovolemia/blood loss
Very elevated CO2
Hypoxemia
Drugs
Diseases
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9
Q

Does the ECG give accurate information about the function of the heart?

A

No, only the electrical activity

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10
Q

ECG for sinus arrhythmia

A

R-R variation congruent with respiration

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11
Q

Why do we monitor ECGs?

A

Detection of arrhythmias even if there is no history of one as they are common under anesthesia

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12
Q

ECG for sinus bradycardia

A

Regular increased R-R interval

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13
Q

Should sinus bradycardia be treated?

A

Only if HR is low enough to adversely effect CO or BP

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14
Q

Is the ECG the only thing that will tell us if we have an abnormal rhythm?

A

Yes, all other monitoring equipment will likely be normal

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15
Q

What is CO a product of?

A

HR and SV

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16
Q

Is CO easily monitored?

A

No, it requires an invasive catheter placed into the pulmonary artery

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17
Q

What are normal BPs?

A 
Systolic= 100-140mmHg
Diastolic= 50-70mmHg
MAP= 65-85mmHg
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18
Q

Which BP value best represents systemic perfusion?

A

MAP

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19
Q

MAP should be maintained greather than _____mmHg to maintain renal perfusion

20
Q

What are indirect ways to monitor BP?

Study These Flashcards
A

Doppler ultrasonic flow

Oscillometric

21
Q

What are direct ways to monitor BP?

Study These Flashcards
A

Arterial catheter and transducer recording system

22
Q

What are some advantages to Doppler?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Continuous evaluation of pulse rate
  2. Sudden loss of sound may indicate cardiac arrrest
  3. Useful in tiny or exotic patients
  4. Relatively inespensive
23
Q

What are some disadvantages of doppler?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Requires and operator for BP
  2. Subjective readings
  3. No MAP
  4. Difficult to capture if vasoconstriction/hypothermia/poor perfusion
24
Q

In oscillometeric BP measurements, which values are recorded and which ones are calculated.

Study These Flashcards
A

Calculated: systolic and diastolic
Measured: MAP

25
Advantages of Oscillometric BP monitoring
1. Measure mean and calculates syst/diast 2. Can be set to monitor at certain time intervals 3. Stores values for review
26
Disadvantages of Oscillometric BP monitoring
1. Relatively expensive 2. May not secure pressure at extremes of heart rate in abnormal rhythm 3. May not read if hypotensive 4. No monitoring in between readings
27
What kind of BP is produced if cuff is too small/loose?
Artificially higher
28
What kind of BP is produced if cuff is too large/tight?
Artificially lower
29
What happens to BP if the cuff is below the heart?
Artificially higher
30
Should the limb be straight or flexed for BP measurements?
Straight
31
Which BP measurement type iss most accurate?
Depends on equipment/age/patient
32
Which arteries are used for direct BP measurement?
Small animal: Dorsal pedal, coccygeal, or radial Large animal: Dorsal metatarsal, facial, caudal auricular, transverse facial
33
Where should the transducer be positioned in direct BP measurement?
Level of the heart If too low= increased pressure If too high= decreased pressure
34
What does the shape of the pressure wave tell us?
Narrow wave- vasodilation and low diastolic pressure Increased slope- low inotropy, SV, CO
35
Electronic invasive BP facts
1. More expensive 2. Provides SAP, DAP, MAP, and waveform 3. Waveforms provides quality of inotropy and venous return
36
Sphygomomanometer invasive BP facts
1. Inexpensive and portable 2. Only provides mean 3. No waveform
37
Causes of Hypotension
1. Bradycardia 2. Vasodilation 3. Poor cardiac function 4. Hypovolemia/shock/sepsis
38
Causes of Hypertension
1. Light anesthesi 2. Pain 3. Drugs (catecholamines/ketamine 4. Disease processes (+ICP, renal/adrenal dz)
39
Why does anesthesia cause hypothermia?
Decrease of muscular activity, metabolism, and hypothalamic activity Evaporative heat losses and anesthesia induced vasodilation
40
Issues when body temp decreases to 96-97F
Minimal, some shivering may occur Only an issue for cardiac/pulmonary paitents
41
Issues when body temp decreases to 92-94F
Decreases anesthetic requirement but prolongs recovery Will not shiver in recovery
42
Issues when body temp decreases to 89-90F
HR/CO decreases and may not respond to tx, may interfere with healing mechanisms and slows recovery
43
Do all animals require heat support?
Heavy coated dogs may become hyperthermic with additional heat support
44
Should temp be monitored through recovery?
Yes, until the animal is normal
45
Heating units
1. Bair huggers 2. Warm water circulating pads/blankets 3. Pads/towels between patient and open surfaces
46
Should traditional heating pads be used?
No, high risk of burns

Anesthesiology (27 decks)

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