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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
  • work with lymphatic system
  • Transports nutrients (sugars, fats, proteins), oxygen, water, hormones, immune system, waste
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2
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Smallest blood vessels with thin walls, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste
  • Directly serve cellular needs, where delivery and pick up of fluid happens.
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3
Q

5 characteristics of capillaries

A

-Exchange nutrients and waste.
-Leaky to allow transfer in and out.
-Lowest pressure: thin walls offer minimal resistance to blood flow
-More numerous.
-Same amount of fluid should be going in and out.

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4
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart; oxygenated

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5
Q

Exception for Arteries and Oxygenated

A

pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus contain deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward heart; deoxygenated

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7
Q

Exception for Veins and Deoxygenated

A

pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus which bring oxygenated blood

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8
Q

Pressure in Artery vs Vein

A

High pressure in arteries and low pressure in veins

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9
Q

Muscle in Artery vs Vein

A

Arteries - more muscle to maintain pressure
Veins - Less muscle because blood must go through muscles to travel to heart

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10
Q

Valves in Artery vs Vein

A
  • arteries do not have valves
  • veins have valves to prevent backflow due to low pressure
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11
Q

Blood Color in Artery vs Vein

A

Artery - Red
Vein - purple

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12
Q

Tunica Intima in Arteries and Veins

A

thin layer endothelium
in both

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13
Q

Tunic Media in Arteries vs Veins

A

Arteries - thick muscle layer to allow for constriction to control pressure and amount of blood passing

Veins - thin muscle layer

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14
Q

Tunica Externa in Arteries vs Veins

A

Arteries - thin layer of collagen

Veins - thick layer of collagen

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15
Q

Lumen

A
  • hole in the middle of both veins and arteries
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16
Q

Vaso Vasorum

A

smaller arteries and veins within the tunica externa
in both veins and arteries

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17
Q

Endothelium

A
  • includes tight junctions and is lined with epithelial cells to prevent leaking of blood
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18
Q

4 causes of Edema

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased osmotic pressure
  • Increased capillary permeability
  • Blocked lymphatics
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19
Q

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  • When the pressure inside the blood vessels (capillaries) is too high, fluid is pushed out into the surrounding tissues.
  • This can happen with conditions like high blood pressure, where the force of blood against the vessel walls is too strong.
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20
Q

Decreased osmotic pressure

A
  • Proteins in your blood, especially albumin, create osmotic pressure to pull back fluid
  • If there’s too little protein in your blood, perhaps due to liver or kidney disease, the fluid isn’t pulled back in as effectively, leading to swelling.
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21
Q

Increased Capillary Permeability

A
  • When the capillaries become
    more permeable, fluids and proteins leak out into the surrounding tissues, causing swelling
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22
Q

Blocked lymphatic

A
  • If the lymphatic vessels are blocked or removed, as can happen with cancer treatment when lymph nodes are removed, fluid can’t drain properly, leading to swelling.
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23
Q

Blood Pressure (BP) Definition

A
  • Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood.
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24
Q

BP Measurement

A
  • Expressed in mm Hg; measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart.
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25
Q

Blood Pressure Function

A

Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher- to lower-pressure areas.

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26
Q

Two types of BP?

A

Systolic and Diastolic.

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27
Q

Systolic

A
  • when heart contracts
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28
Q

Diastolic

A

Pressure in the arteries when heart relaxes.

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29
Q

Dos systolic or diastolic contribute more to BP and why?

A

Diastolic contributes more to mean pressure because heart spends more time relaxing.

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30
Q

Starling Equation

A

Net fluid movement = K_f * [(P_c - P_i) - σ(π_c - π_i)]

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31
Q

K_f in Starling Equation

A

filtration coefficient, a measure of capillary permeability.

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32
Q

P_c

A

the capillary hydrostatic pressure

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33
Q

P_i

A

is the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

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34
Q

σ

A

the reflection coefficient, which indicates the impermeability of the capillary wall to proteins.

35
Q

π_c

A

the capillary oncotic (osmotic) pressure.

36
Q

π_i

A

the interstitial oncotic (osmotic) pressure

37
Q

What does P stand for in the Starling Equation

A
  • Hydrostatic Pressure: pushes fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitial space (the space between cells).
  • basically represents filtration
38
Q

What does O stand for in Starlign Equation?

A

Oncotic/Osmotic Pressure: This is the “pulling” pressure created by large proteins (like albumin) in the blood.

  • basically represents reabsorption
39
Q

Relation between O and P in Starling Equation

A

-If the hydrostatic pressure (P) is greater than the oncotic pressure, fluid will tend to move out of the capillaries (filtration).

-If the oncotic pressure (O) is greater than the hydrostatic pressure, fluid will tend to move into the capillaries (reabsorption).

40
Q

Too much reabsorption will lead to?

A

if reabsorption exceeds filtration, it can lead to decreased blood volume and potential dehydration.

41
Q

Too much filtration will lead to?

A

it can lead to edema (swelling) in the tissues because fluid accumulates.

42
Q

Starling Equation Function

A
  • describes the balance between the forces pushing fluid out of the capillaries into the surrounding tissues (filtration) and the forces pulling fluid back into the capillaries (reabsorption)
43
Q

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Calculation

A
  • MAP is calculated by adding the diastolic pressure to one-third of the systolic pressure.
44
Q

How is BP measured?

A

measured indirectly using a sphygmomanometer with a stethoscope.

45
Q

Where is the cuff wrapped when BP is measured and why?

A
  • The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm, superior to the elbow, to compress the brachial artery.
46
Q

How does a spyghometer stop blood flow?

A
  • The pressure in the cuff is increased until it exceeds the systolic pressure in the brachial artery, temporarily stopping blood flow.
47
Q

Why does a spygomanameter stop blood flow?

A

to make blood flow lamellar (smooth and non turbulent)

48
Q

What does the examiner examine as the blood pressure cuff is released?

A
  • examiner listens for sounds of Korotkoff with the stethoscope.
49
Q

Sounds of Korortkoff

A
  • generated when a blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through the artery
  • The first sound heard indicates the systolic pressure, and the point where the sound disappears indicates the diastolic pressure.
50
Q

Systolic Pressure Measure (Normal)

A
  • This is normally less than 120 mm Hg.
  • pressure as blood starts to spurt through the artery during the cardiac cycle.
51
Q

Normal Diastolic Pressure

A
  • This is normally less than 80 mm Hg.

-It is the pressure when sounds disappear because the artery is no longer constricted, and blood is flowing freely.

52
Q

Hypertension Measurement and Effects

A
  • Defined as 140/90 mm Hg or higher.
  • Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions.
53
Q

Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure):

A

Defined as below 90/60 mm Hg.
- Usually not a concern unless it causes inadequate blood flow to tissues, leading to symptoms like dizziness or fainting.

54
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A

Striated
Has one nucleus
Voluntary
Branched cells

55
Q

Automaticity

A

the ability to beat on its own

56
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle

57
Q

Atrium

A

Atrium: Receives blood, low blood pressure, thin walls.

58
Q

Ventricle

A

Ventricle: Pumps blood out, higher blood pressure, muscular walls.

59
Q

Function and Process of Right Atrium/ Ventricle

A

Takes blood from the body (atrium) and sends it to the lungs (ventricle), lower pressure, less muscle (thinner walls), delivers deoxygenated blood.

60
Q

Function and Process of Left Atrium/ Ventricle

A

Takes blood from the lungs (atrium) and sends it to the body (ventricle), stronger because the body is larger, higher pressure, more muscle (thicker walls), delivers oxygenated blood.

61
Q

Vena Cava (Step 1 of Blood Flow)

A

These veins drain blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart.

62
Q

Right Atrium into Right Ventricle through the Tricuspid Valve (Step 2 of Blood Flow)

A

The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

63
Q

Pulmonary Artery (Step 3 of Blood Flow)

A

The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

64
Q

Pulmonic Valve (Step 4 of Blood Flow)

A
  • This valve prevents the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.
65
Q

Step 5 - Pulmonary Veins (4)

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, which empty into the left atrium.

66
Q

Step 6 - Left Atrium into Left Ventricle through the Mitral Valve

A

The left atrium contracts, pushing blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

67
Q

Step 7 - Aorta

A

The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, the body’s largest artery, which carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

68
Q

Types of Valves

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonic valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

69
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

between right atrium and ventricle

70
Q

Pulmonic Valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

71
Q

Mitral valve

A

between left atrium and ventricle

72
Q

Aortic Valve

A

between left ventricle and body

73
Q

Interior atrial septum

A

wall that separates atriums

74
Q

Interior ventricular septum

A

wall that separates ventricles

75
Q

Murmur

A

Extra sound because of interrupted blood flow

76
Q

Which direction does blood flow in?

A

Blood flows from left to right side because higher to low pressure

77
Q

Lub (S1 Sound)

A

closing of tricuspid and mitral valve

78
Q

Dub (S1 heart sound)

A

closing of the pulmonic and aortic close

79
Q

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

A

Supplies the front right side of the heart, including the right atrium and right ventricle.
Also known as the right artery and ventricle.

80
Q

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery:

A

Supplies the front of the left ventricle.
Important because the left ventricle provides blood to the body and its blockage can be fatal.

81
Q

Left Circumflex Artery

A

Bends around the heart to supply blood to the back of the left ventricle.

82
Q

Left Common Coronary Artery

A

Anastomosis where the left circumflex and LAD meet up

  • Ventricle won’t die because LAD will compensate
83
Q

Anastomosis

A

When arteries run into each other and create bridges

84
Q

Posterior coronary artery

A

where the left circumflex and right coronary artery meet at the back

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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