Integumentary Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Epidermis
A
- superficial region
- is avascular and made of epithelial tissue (duh)
2
Q
5 parts of integumentary system
A
- skin
- nails
- hair
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
3
Q
Dermis
A
underlies epidermis
- fibrous connective tissue and vascular
4
Q
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
A
- deep to skin
- not part of skin but shares function
- adipose tissue
-anchors skin to underlying structure
5
Q
Function of Skin (5)
A
protection of underlying tissues and organs
- excretion of salts and water
- maintenance of body temperature
- production of melanin
- detection of pressure and pain
6
Q
Keratin
A
Protein produced by skin for protection, has yellow pigment
7
Q
Vitamin D
A
synthesis of Vitamin D
8
Q
Lipids
A
Lipids are stored in skin
9
Q
What is Epidermis made of? *3 cells
A
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
10
Q
Keratinocytes (function and traits)
A
- produce the fiber keratin
- connected by desmosomes
- very regenerative
11
Q
Melanocytes
A
Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes
12
Q
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
A
Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis and activate immune system
13
Q
Tactile (Merkell) Cells
A
Sensory receptors that sense touch
14
Q
Melanosomes
A
are transferred to keratinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage
15
Q
How many layers does the epidermis have?
A
- 4 or 5 (when thicker skin is needed for protection)
16
Q
What are the five layers of the skin?
A
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
17
Q
Which layer is only in thick skin?
A
Stratum lucidum
18
Q
Stratum Basale
A
- deepest layer
- Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic)
- also has melanocytes
19
Q
Stratum Spinosum (Function)
A
- contain desmosomes
- Allows resistance tension and pulling
- growth
20
Q
Stratum granulosum
A
- flat layer
- Cell appearance changes -Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate
- Keratinization begins
here
21
Q
Prickle Cells
A
Keratinocytes in this Stratum Spinosum appear spikey, so they are called prickle cells
22
Q
Stratum Lucidium
A
- only in thick skin and stains clear
- is superficial
23
Q
Stratum Corneum
A
- Skin cells here are dead but provide protection and prevent water loss
24
Q
Tissue type of layers in dermis
A
- connective tissue that hold things in place
25
Papillary Layer (tissue and function)
Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
- contains dermal papillae
26
Dermal papillae
superficial region of dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis
27
Function of Dermal Papillae
- surface area
-
28
Dermal Ridges
Collectively ridges are called friction ridges
29
Function of Friction Ridges
- Enhance gripping ability
- Contribute to sense of touch
- Sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern
30
Reticular Layer
- Consists of coarse, dense fibrous connective tissue
- holds things in place
31
Cleavage Lines
-in reticular layer
-caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
-Externally invisible
- imp to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
32
Flexure Lines
- Dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
- Skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases
- Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes
33
Medical Name for Stretch Marks
Striae
34
Three Pigments
- Melanin
- Carotene
35
Freckle/Mole
accumulation of melanin
36
Carotene
- yellow to orange pigment
- accumulates in stratum corneum
37
Hemogoblin
- pinkish hue of skin
- lighter skin allows pink to show
38
Cyanosis
- blue
- lower oxygenation of hemoglobin
39
Pallor
-pale color
- fear, low bp, anemia
40
Erythema
- fever
- hypertension
- red color
41
Jaundice
- yellow cast because of liver disorders
42
Hair
dead hard keratinized cells
43
4 functions of Hair
-Warn of insects on skin
-Hair on head guards against physical trauma
-Protect from heat loss
-Shield skin from sunlight
44
Hard Kertatin vs Soft Keratin
Hard keratin is tougher and more durable, and cells do not flake off
45
Shaft
area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete
46
Root
area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on
47
3 parts of hair shaft
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
48
Medulla
central core of large cells and has strength
49
Cortex
several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla
50
Cuticle
gives hair its properties ; outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells
51
What pigment does red hair have?
Red hair has additional pheomelanin pigment
52
Hair Bulb
expanded area at deep end of follicle ; the only part with DNA
53
Hair Follicle Receptors
sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb
54
What is the sheath made of? Where is it derived from?
peripheral connective tissue sheath
- also called fibrous sheath
- dermis
55
Hair Matrix
actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells
56
Arrector Pili
small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle ; these are responsible for goose bumps
57
Human Hair Growth Cycle Stages
- Active Anagen
- Catagen
- Telogen
- Early Anagen
58
Active Anagen
active phase of hair growth
59
Catagen
- not enough blood flow to grow hair but enough to sustain hair follicles
60
Telogen
rest stage
- normal to lose 100 hairs a day
61
Early Anagen
the active growth phase of hair follicles
62
Alopecia
hair thinning in both sexes after 40
63
Telogen Effluvium
abrupt hair thinning caused by an abundance of hair follicles entering resting phase at same time
64
Causes of Telogen Effluvium
Can be due to stress-induced factors such as: hormonal changes, surgery, severe emotional trauma, or crash dieting
65
Hirsutism
excessive hairiness
66
What are nails made out of?
Hard Keratin
67
Function of Nail
Protection ; human nails have lost a lot of their function
68
Eponychium (cuticle)
nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body
69
Hyponychium
area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt
70
Lunule
white moon shape ; thickened nail matrix
71
When will your nail not grow back?
if you damage the nail matrix and root
72
Nail Matrix
thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth
73
What do yellow tinged nails indicate?
respiratory or thyroid gland disorer
74
Thickened yellow nails indicate?
fungal infection
75
Koilonchya *spoon nails
an outward concavity of nail may signal iron deficiency or early signs of a heart disease
76
Beau’s lines
horizontal lines across nails may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack or cancer chemotherapy, or that you were stressed
77
Sudoriferous glands
sweat glands that are present in all skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia
78
Two main types of glands
Eccrine and Appocrine
79
Appocrine glands
- Bacteria break down sweat, leading to body odor
- do not function until puberty
- produces fatty oily sweat
80
Sebaceous Gland
- oily secretion found in hair follicles
- produces waterproof barrier
81
Eccrine Sweat Glands
- watery sweat glands with little bit of salt
82
What are the modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous Glands
Mammary Glands
83
Ceruminous Glands
lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)
84
Mammary Glands
secrete milk
85
insensible perspiration
Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat
86
Sensible perspiration
If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat ; designed to cool body
87
What does a cold external environment do to vessels?
1. Dermal blood vessels constrict
2.Skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss
88
Keloid
Scar Tissue
89
Fibroblast help wounds heal by
producing fibers (like collagen), that help close the wound
90
Morphology
how to describe what you see
91
What 6 things are identified by morphology
Palpability (indicated by shadow)
Color
Shape
Texture
Size
Location
92
Macule
it is flat spot in the skin ; you cannot feel it
93
Patch
it’s flat and larger than 1 cm
94
Papules
- raised lesions less than 1 cm
- caused by a proliferation of cells in epidermis or superficial dermis
95
Plaque
- greater than 1 cm
- caused by a proliferation of cells in epidermis or superficial dermis
- cast a shadow
96
Nodules
- small knot
- caused by a proliferation of cells into the mid-deep dermis
96
Vesicle
are fluid-filled papules (small blisters)
96
Bulla
Vesicle larger than 1 cm
97
Pus
made up of leukocytes and a thin fluid called liquor puris
98
Erosion
- loss of part or all of the epidermis
- can occur after a vesicle forms and the top peels off
- weep and become crusted
- do not heal with scars
99
Ulcers
complete loss of the epidermis in addition to part of the dermis
- heal with scars
100
Cyst
e round lumps, often filled with fluid or pus
101
Comedo
infected oil gland (blackhead)
102
Wheal
inflamataory raised area
103
Abscess
pocket of pus
104
Furnucles
A painful, pus-filled bump under the skin caused by infected, inflamed hair follicles.
105
Nevus
fancy birthmark
106
Cutaneous Sensations
Sensations based on the stimulation of receptors in the skin
107
Example of Cutaneous Sensations
Pressure, vibration, healing and cooling
108
Meisnener Corpuscle
Light Touch, Flutter, Movement
109
Pacinian
Vibration ; look like onions (ewwwwwwwwwwww)
110
Ruffini
Stretch
111
Merkel
Touch and pressure
112
Nerve Ending
pain and temperature
113
Hair Follicle
nerves wrap around hair follicle
114
Propioception
body sense - balancing the body
115
Kinesthesis
sense of position and movement
116
Dermatomes
one nerve ending
117
