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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A
  • superficial region
  • is avascular and made of epithelial tissue (duh)
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2
Q

5 parts of integumentary system

A
  • skin
  • nails
  • hair
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
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3
Q

Dermis

A

underlies epidermis
- fibrous connective tissue and vascular

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4
Q

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

A
  • deep to skin
  • not part of skin but shares function
  • adipose tissue
    -anchors skin to underlying structure
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5
Q

Function of Skin (5)

A

protection of underlying tissues and organs
- excretion of salts and water
- maintenance of body temperature
- production of melanin
- detection of pressure and pain

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6
Q

Keratin

A

Protein produced by skin for protection, has yellow pigment

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7
Q

Vitamin D

A

synthesis of Vitamin D

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8
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids are stored in skin

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9
Q

What is Epidermis made of? *3 cells

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
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10
Q

Keratinocytes (function and traits)

A
  • produce the fiber keratin
  • connected by desmosomes
  • very regenerative
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11
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes

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12
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis and activate immune system

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13
Q

Tactile (Merkell) Cells

A

Sensory receptors that sense touch

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14
Q

Melanosomes

A

are transferred to keratinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage

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15
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have?

A
  • 4 or 5 (when thicker skin is needed for protection)
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16
Q

What are the five layers of the skin?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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17
Q

Which layer is only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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18
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • deepest layer
  • Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic)
  • also has melanocytes
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19
Q

Stratum Spinosum (Function)

A
  • contain desmosomes
  • Allows resistance tension and pulling
  • growth
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20
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • flat layer
  • Cell appearance changes -Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate
  • Keratinization begins
    here
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21
Q

Prickle Cells

A

Keratinocytes in this Stratum Spinosum appear spikey, so they are called prickle cells

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22
Q

Stratum Lucidium

A
  • only in thick skin and stains clear
  • is superficial
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23
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Skin cells here are dead but provide protection and prevent water loss
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24
Q

Tissue type of layers in dermis

A
  • connective tissue that hold things in place
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25
Q

Papillary Layer (tissue and function)

A

Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
- contains dermal papillae

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26
Q

Dermal papillae

A

superficial region of dermis that sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis

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27
Q

Function of Dermal Papillae

A
  • ## surface area
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28
Q

Dermal Ridges

A

Collectively ridges are called friction ridges

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29
Q

Function of Friction Ridges

A
  • Enhance gripping ability
  • Contribute to sense of touch
  • Sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern
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30
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Consists of coarse, dense fibrous connective tissue
  • holds things in place
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31
Q

Cleavage Lines

A

-in reticular layer
-caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
-Externally invisible
- imp to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily

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32
Q

Flexure Lines

A
  • Dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
  • Skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases
  • Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes
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33
Q

Medical Name for Stretch Marks

A

Striae

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34
Q

Three Pigments

A
  • Melanin
  • Carotene
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35
Q

Freckle/Mole

A

accumulation of melanin

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36
Q

Carotene

A
  • yellow to orange pigment
  • accumulates in stratum corneum
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37
Q

Hemogoblin

A
  • pinkish hue of skin
  • lighter skin allows pink to show
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38
Q

Cyanosis

A
  • blue
  • lower oxygenation of hemoglobin
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39
Q

Pallor

A

-pale color
- fear, low bp, anemia

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40
Q

Erythema

A
  • fever
  • hypertension
  • red color
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41
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellow cast because of liver disorders
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42
Q

Hair

A

dead hard keratinized cells

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43
Q

4 functions of Hair

A

-Warn of insects on skin
-Hair on head guards against physical trauma
-Protect from heat loss
-Shield skin from sunlight

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44
Q

Hard Kertatin vs Soft Keratin

A

Hard keratin is tougher and more durable, and cells do not flake off

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45
Q

Shaft

A

area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete

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46
Q

Root

A

area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on

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47
Q

3 parts of hair shaft

A
  • Medulla
  • Cortex
  • Cuticle
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48
Q

Medulla

A

central core of large cells and has strength

49
Q

Cortex

A

several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla

50
Q

Cuticle

A

gives hair its properties ; outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells

51
Q

What pigment does red hair have?

A

Red hair has additional pheomelanin pigment

52
Q

Hair Bulb

A

expanded area at deep end of follicle ; the only part with DNA

53
Q

Hair Follicle Receptors

A

sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb

54
Q

What is the sheath made of? Where is it derived from?

A

peripheral connective tissue sheath
- also called fibrous sheath
- dermis

55
Q

Hair Matrix

A

actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells

56
Q

Arrector Pili

A

small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle ; these are responsible for goose bumps

57
Q

Human Hair Growth Cycle Stages

A
  • Active Anagen
  • Catagen
  • Telogen
  • Early Anagen
58
Q

Active Anagen

A

active phase of hair growth

59
Q

Catagen

A
  • not enough blood flow to grow hair but enough to sustain hair follicles
60
Q

Telogen

A

rest stage
- normal to lose 100 hairs a day

61
Q

Early Anagen

A

the active growth phase of hair follicles

62
Q

Alopecia

A

hair thinning in both sexes after 40

63
Q

Telogen Effluvium

A

abrupt hair thinning caused by an abundance of hair follicles entering resting phase at same time

64
Q

Causes of Telogen Effluvium

A

Can be due to stress-induced factors such as: hormonal changes, surgery, severe emotional trauma, or crash dieting

65
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hairiness

66
Q

What are nails made out of?

A

Hard Keratin

67
Q

Function of Nail

A

Protection ; human nails have lost a lot of their function

68
Q

Eponychium (cuticle)

A

nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body

69
Q

Hyponychium

A

area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt

70
Q

Lunule

A

white moon shape ; thickened nail matrix

71
Q

When will your nail not grow back?

A

if you damage the nail matrix and root

72
Q

Nail Matrix

A

thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

73
Q

What do yellow tinged nails indicate?

A

respiratory or thyroid gland disorer

74
Q

Thickened yellow nails indicate?

A

fungal infection

75
Q

Koilonchya *spoon nails

A

an outward concavity of nail may signal iron deficiency or early signs of a heart disease

76
Q

Beau’s lines

A

horizontal lines across nails may indicate severe illnesses such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart attack or cancer chemotherapy, or that you were stressed

77
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands that are present in all skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia

78
Q

Two main types of glands

A

Eccrine and Appocrine

79
Q

Appocrine glands

A
  • Bacteria break down sweat, leading to body odor
  • do not function until puberty
  • produces fatty oily sweat
80
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A
  • oily secretion found in hair follicles
  • produces waterproof barrier
81
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A
  • watery sweat glands with little bit of salt
82
Q

What are the modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous Glands
Mammary Glands

83
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)

84
Q

Mammary Glands

A

secrete milk

85
Q

insensible perspiration

A

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

86
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat ; designed to cool body

87
Q

What does a cold external environment do to vessels?

A
  1. Dermal blood vessels constrict
    2.Skin temperature drops to slow passive heat loss
88
Q

Keloid

A

Scar Tissue

89
Q

Fibroblast help wounds heal by

A

producing fibers (like collagen), that help close the wound

90
Q

Morphology

A

how to describe what you see

91
Q

What 6 things are identified by morphology

A

Palpability (indicated by shadow)
Color
Shape
Texture
Size
Location

92
Q

Macule

A

it is flat spot in the skin ; you cannot feel it

93
Q

Patch

A

it’s flat and larger than 1 cm

94
Q

Papules

A
  • raised lesions less than 1 cm
  • caused by a proliferation of cells in epidermis or superficial dermis
95
Q

Plaque

A
  • greater than 1 cm
  • caused by a proliferation of cells in epidermis or superficial dermis
  • cast a shadow
96
Q

Nodules

A
  • small knot
  • caused by a proliferation of cells into the mid-deep dermis
96
Q

Vesicle

A

are fluid-filled papules (small blisters)

96
Q

Bulla

A

Vesicle larger than 1 cm

97
Q

Pus

A

made up of leukocytes and a thin fluid called liquor puris

98
Q

Erosion

A
  • loss of part or all of the epidermis
  • can occur after a vesicle forms and the top peels off
  • weep and become crusted
  • do not heal with scars
99
Q

Ulcers

A

complete loss of the epidermis in addition to part of the dermis
- heal with scars

100
Q

Cyst

A

e round lumps, often filled with fluid or pus

101
Q

Comedo

A

infected oil gland (blackhead)

102
Q

Wheal

A

inflamataory raised area

103
Q

Abscess

A

pocket of pus

104
Q

Furnucles

A

A painful, pus-filled bump under the skin caused by infected, inflamed hair follicles.

105
Q

Nevus

A

fancy birthmark

106
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A

Sensations based on the stimulation of receptors in the skin

107
Q

Example of Cutaneous Sensations

A

Pressure, vibration, healing and cooling

108
Q

Meisnener Corpuscle

A

Light Touch, Flutter, Movement

109
Q

Pacinian

A

Vibration ; look like onions (ewwwwwwwwwwww)

110
Q

Ruffini

A

Stretch

111
Q

Merkel

A

Touch and pressure

112
Q

Nerve Ending

A

pain and temperature

113
Q

Hair Follicle

A

nerves wrap around hair follicle

114
Q

Propioception

A

body sense - balancing the body

115
Q

Kinesthesis

A

sense of position and movement

116
Q

Dermatomes

A

one nerve ending

117
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (26 decks)

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