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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signal that allows nerve cells to communicate with each other

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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Information gathered by sensory receptors.
Monitors internal and external changes.

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processing and interpretation of sensory input.

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands).
Produces a response.

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5
Q

What is the CNS composed of? name the two functions

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord located in the dorsal body cavity.

-Functions as the integration and control center.
-Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output.

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6
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System (2)

A

Spinal Nerves: Connected to and from the spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves: Connected to and from the brain.

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7
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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8
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons (helpers of neurons)

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9
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Efferent Nerve

A

nerves that carry information away from the central nervous system, to the peripheral nervous system. ( motor output)

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. Part of PNS.

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12
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

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13
Q

Sympathetic System

A

is best known for its role in responding to dangerous or stressful situations.

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14
Q

Adrenaline

A

kills your sense of pain and ups blood pressure

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities.

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

the receiving or input portions of a neuron

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18
Q

axon hillock

A

connects soma to axon

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19
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Distal endings of axon

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20
Q

Terminal Boutons

A

found at the end of the axon, below the myelin sheath, and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.

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21
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Composed of myelin, a whitish, protein-lipid substance

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22
Q

Function of Myelin *2

A

Protect and electrically insulate axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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23
Q

Myelinated Fibers Characteristics

A

Long and Fast

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24
Q

Non Myelinated Characteristics

A

Short and slow

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25
Anterograde
movement away from cell body
26
Retrograde
movement toward cell body
27
Astrocytes (7)
-Support and brace neurons -Play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons -Guide migration of young neurons -Control chemical environment around neurons -Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters I6.nfluence neuronal functioning 7. Participate in information processing in brain
28
Microglial Cells
- actually macrophage - crawls along nervous system and eats bad stuff
29
Ependymal cells
- Produce CSF (cerbrospinal fluid) - Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cell
30
Oligodendrocytes
forms insulating myelin sheaths around CNS fibers
31
Schwann Cells
form myelin sheaths around ONLY one axon in PNS
32
Resting Membrane Potential
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
33
What is the charge of the inside of a cell?
between -70 and -90 milivolts
34
Sodium Potassium Pump
In each cycle, three sodium ions exit the cell, while two potassium ions enter the cell. This allows the cell to build a concentration gradient and have a negative charge.
35
Depolarization
- decrease in membrane potential (moves toward zero and above) - sodium channels are opened and sodium rushes inside the channel (charge becomes more positive) - Inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential --Probability of producing impulse increases
36
Hyperpolarization
-Increase in membrane potential (away from zero) - Inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting membrane potential - Probability of producing impulse decreases
37
Thereshold
set charge that starts an action potential. depolarization occurs after.
38
Action Potential
signal that travels along cell membrane
39
If a graph bumps up, then it is?
hypopolarized (depolarized)
40
If a graph bumps down, what is it
hyperpolarization
41
Refractory Period
Wait for the sodium potassium concentration to become normal to do it again (through sodium potassium pumps)
42
Can you adjust number or size of action potentials?
Number of action potentials ; all action potentials are the same
43
Propagation
The movement of signals between neurons.
44
Axon diameter relation to nerves
Bigger nerves/ diameter are faster
45
Repolarization
potassium channels open and potassium rushes outside of the cell (dropping charge)
46
FAST
- stroke symptom acronym - fac1al droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and time
47
What are strokes usually caused by?
blockage of cerebral arteries
48
tPA
-tissue plasminogen activator -clot-dissolving medicine
49
Acetylcholine
- nerves use to talk to muscles - released ay NMS - generic
50
Seratonin
happiness
51
Dopamine
- excitement
52
GABA
- almost always inhibitory - says stop don't do it
53
Spatial Summation
two separate signals hit at the same time
54
Temporal Summation
a lot of signals come at the same time
55
Cephalization
56
Gray Matter
short, nonmyelinated neurons, and cell bodies outside of brain and inside of spinal cord
57
White Matter
Myelinated and nonmyelinated axons
58
Hydrocephalus
too much fluid in the brain
59
Gyri
ridges
60
Sulci
shallow grooves
61
What do gyri and sulci do?
Increases brain area
62
Fissures
deep grooves that separate lobes
63
Rhombencephalon
Developmental part of the brain responsible for keeping you alive. Includes pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
64
Cerebral hemisphere
Upper level thinking, decision making, and conscious thought
65
Precentral Gyrus
- primary motor gyrus - Responsible for the initiation and control of voluntary motor movements on the contralateral side of the body.
66
Postcentral Gyrus
primary sensory gyrus
67
Broca's area
motor speech area, in frontal lobe
68
Frontal lobe
executive decision making, personality, and movement
69
Temporal Lobe
processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory - sense of taste, smell, and hearing - emotion
70
Parietal Lobe
receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain - some spatial awareness - starts out in postcentral gyrus
71
Autonomic Nervous System innervation and pathway
Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands - has Efferent pathways and ganglia
72
Wernicke's Area
processes language
73
Cerebellum
coordinates movement and balance
74
Corpus callosum
a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate
75
What is the most inferior cranial nerve?
12
76
Oh once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are heavenly
Olfactory Optic Oculumotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
77
Olfactory Nerve
controls sense of smell - sensory nerve - like an extension of brain so loss of smell can indicate alzheimers
78
Optic Nerve
sight and sensory
79
Optic Chiasma
sensory nerve - this is where your left and right vision share
80
Oculomotor Nerve
- most of eye movement - constrict irises, move eyeball - motor nerve
81
Trochlear Nerve
- motor nerve - moves eye (superior oblique)
82
Abducens nerve
- moves lateral rectus - motor
83
Trigeminal Nerve
- motor and sensory nerve - facial feeling
84
What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
- Opthalmic - Maxillary -Mandibular
85
Facial Nerves
- controls facial muscles - motor and sensory
86
Vestibulocochlear
- balance and hearing nerve - feeling of acceleration or spinning - Sensory nerve
87
Glossopharyngeal
- motor nerve and sensory nerve - innervates part of the tongue so helps with swallowing and technically taste
88
Vagus nerve
- regulates heart - one cranial nerve that leaves head and neck - sensory and motor
89
Accessory Nerve
- motor nerve - shoulder and neck
90
Calcium
chemical that triggers neurotransmitter's exocytosis
91
Longitidunal Fissure
Separates two hemispheres
92
Transverse Cerebral Fissure
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
93
Central sulcus
the groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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