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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

brady-

A

slow

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2
Q

diastol-

A

dilation

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3
Q

-gram

A

something written

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4
Q

papill-

A

nipple :)

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5
Q

syn-

A

together

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6
Q

systol-

A

contraction

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7
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

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8
Q

What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, blood vessels

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9
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system

A

provides oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from body cells

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10
Q

blood flow is how many closed pathways?

A

two

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11
Q

what are the two blood pathways

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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12
Q

This circuit sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen and unload carbon dioxide

A

pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

The circuit sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes

A

systemic circuit

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14
Q

average size comparison for a human heart

A

a person’s hands made into a fist

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15
Q

This heart covering is made of fibrous connective tissue and surrounds a more delicate, double-layers sac

A

pericardium

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16
Q

This heart covering is separated from the inner visceral pericardium by the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity

A

parietal pericardium

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17
Q

This heart covering is the innermost layer

A

visceral pericardium

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18
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall in order from outermost to innermost

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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19
Q

This layer of the heart wall protects the heart by reducing friction

A

epicardium

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20
Q

This layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane that consists of connective tissue, deeper parts may contain adipose tissue

A

epicardium

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21
Q

This layer of the heart wall is made of cardiac tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chamber

A

myocardium

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the myocardium

A

muscle fibers organized in planes, separated by connective tissue with blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

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23
Q

This layer of the heart wall consists of epithelium and connective tissues containing elastic and collagenous fibers. It has blood vessels and purkinje fibers. It is continuous with the inner linings of blood vessels attached to the heart.

A

Endocardium

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24
Q

What are the specialized cardiac muscle fibers of the endocardium called?

A

Purkinje Fibers

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25
another name for a complete heartbeat
cardiac cycle
26
systole deffinition
contract
27
diastole deffinition
relax
28
describe a cardiac cycle
atrials contract while ventricles relax, then ventricles contract while atrials relex, both then relax for a brief interval
29
in the lubb dupp sound, what is the lubb
ventricular contraction
30
in the lubb dupp sound, what is the dupp
ventricular relaxation when pulmonary and aortic valves are closing.
31
cardiac muscle fibers connect to form a functional _______
syncytium
32
describe the contraction of a syncytium
contracts as a unit
33
This initiates and conducts impulses throughout the myocardium
cardiac conduction system
34
Trace an impulse from the SA node
SA node - atrial syncytium, contracting atria - junctional fibers - AV node - bundle branches in septum - Purkinje fibers - ventricular syncytium
35
This records electrical charges in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram
36
describe the pattern of an ECG
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
37
what does the P wave show
atrial depolarization
38
what does the QRS complex show
ventricular depolarization
39
what does the T wave represent
ventricular repolarization
40
What factors affect the heart rate? (3)
physical exercise, body temp, and concentration of ions (particularly potassium and calcium)
41
What part of the brain regulates autonomic impulses to the heart?
medulla oblongata
42
What neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic impulses
acetylcholine
43
Where are parasympathetic impulses carried to in the heart?
SA and AV nodes
44
What does an increase in parasympathetic impulses do to the heart rate?
slows heart rate
45
What is the neurotransmitter associated with sympathetic impulses?
norepinephrine
46
What do sympathetic impulses do to the heart rate?
increases heart rate
47
What reflexes involve the cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata?
baroreceptor reflexes
48
What do the baroreceptor reflexes do?
They maintain the balance between parasympathetic inhibitory effects and sympathetic fiber excitatory effects
49
an example of the baroreceptor reflex
rising pressure in blood vessels stretches receptors and a message is sent to the medulla oblongata, the medulla oblongata sends parasympathetic message to heart to decrease the heart rate
50
Impulses from what other two areas of the brain can influence cardiac control center
cerebrum and hypothalamus
51
examples of impulses from the cerebrum and hypothalamus affecting cardiac activity
fainting after emotional distress, anxiety
52
arteries and arterioles carry blood _____ from the heart
away
53
what are the walls of arteries made of
endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
54
what produces vasoconstriction and vasodilation
autonomic fibers
55
what connects arterioles and venules
capillares
56
describe the wall of a capillary
a single layer of cells that forms a semipermeable membrane
57
what regulates capillary blood flow
precapillary sphincters
58
what is exchanged through capillaries
gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products
59
the main transport method for materials exchanged through capillary walls
diffusion
60
what allows for filtration in capillaries
hydrostatic pressure of blood
61
what does filtration in capillaries allow
a net outward movement of fluid at the arteriolar end of the capillary
62
what allows for osmosis in capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure
63
what does osmosis in capillaries cause
a net inward movement of fluid at the venular end of a capillary
64
what carries blood toward the heart
venules and veins
65
how do venous walls compare to arterial walls
they are thinner and contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue
66
This is the force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels
blood pressure
67
this is the maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
systolic pressure
68
this is the lowest pressure before next ventricular contraction
diastolic pressure
69
equation for blood pressure
Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure = blood pressure in mmHg
70
what factors influence arterial blood pressure (4)
cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity
71
_______ is the volume of blood discharged during each ventricular contraction
stroke volume
72
______ is the volume of blood discharged per minute
cardiac output
73
equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
74
what is the standard blood volume of a person
5L or 8% of bodyweight in kg
75
what is peripheral resistance
the friction between blood and vessel walls
76
what is blood viscosity
the ease with which the molecules of a fluid flow past one another
77
describe the steps it takes for the body to decrease blood pressure to normal
cardiac output increases - baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses are stimulated - sensory impulses to cardiac center of medulla oblongata - parasympathetic impulses to heart - SA node inhibited - heart rate decreases - blood pressure reaches normal
78
describe the steps it takes for the body to raise blood pressure to normal
cardioinhibitory reflex - sympathetic - SA node - heart beats faster
79
other factors that increase blood pressure (3)
emotional responses such as fear and anger, exercise, rise in body temperature
80
This disease damages the brain due to an interrupted blood supply
stroke
81
This is inflammation of the pericardium, causes chest pain (may feel like heart attack)
pericarditis
82
This is any problem in the rate and/or rhythm of a person's heartbeat
Arrhythmia
83
this is a waxy substance found throughout the body, needed to build cells, too much is bad
cholesterol
84
the bad cholesterol
LDL
85
the good cholesterol
HDL
86
most common cholesterol
triglycerides
87
A disease that causes blood sugar to rise, may lead to cardiovascular disease
diabetes
88
this is when a blood clot forms in a vein
Venous Thromboembolism
89
this is the narrowing of the peripheral arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
peripheral artery disease
90
this is a disease of the heart muscle, makes it harder to pump blood, heart muscle often becomes enlarged, thick, and rigid
cardiomyopathy
91
This is an infection of the lining of the heart, may also affect valves
infective endocarditis
92
This is an abnormal bulging or ballooning of part of the aorta
aortic aneurysm
93
this disease creates inflammation in the blood vessels, especially coronary arteries, can lead to heart disease
Kawasaki Disease
94
This is a life long condition in which the heart muscle can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen
Heart Failure

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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