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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

aliment-

A

food

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2
Q

chym-

A

juice

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3
Q

decidu-

A

falling off

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4
Q

gastr-

A

stomach

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5
Q

hepat-

A

liver

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6
Q

lingu-

A

tongue

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7
Q

nutri-

A

nourish

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8
Q

peri-

A

around

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9
Q

pyl-

A

gatekeeper

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10
Q

vill-

A

hairy

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11
Q

mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells

A

digestion

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12
Q

This type of digestion is the breakdown of larger pieces into smaller one

A

mechanical

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13
Q

This kind of digestion breaks foods into simpler chemicals

A

chemical

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14
Q

How long does the average metabolism take to move food through the alimentary canal

A

18 to 20 hours

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15
Q

the digestive system from mouth to anuse with accessory organs which secrete hormones into the canal

A

alimentary canal

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16
Q

8 main components of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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17
Q

Accessory organs to the alimentary canal (4)

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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18
Q

roughly how long is the alimentary canal

A

8 meters

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19
Q

how many layers does the wall of the alimentary canal have

A

4

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20
Q

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa or mucus membrane

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21
Q

describe the structure of the mucosa

A

surface epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and small amount of smoot muscle

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22
Q

how does the mucosa increase surface area for digestion

A

in some regions it is folded with tiny projections that extend in the lumen of the digestive tube

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23
Q

functions of the mucosa

A

contains glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes, protect underlying layers as it carries on secretion and absorption

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24
Q

second most inner layer of the alimentary canal

A

submucosa

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25
Q

describe the contents of the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue and glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

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26
Q

function of the submucosa

A

its vessels nourish tissues and carry away absorbed materials

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27
Q

3 most inner layer of the alimentary canal

A

muscular layer

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28
Q

describe the structure and contents of the muscular layer

A

two coats of smooth muscle tissue (provide movement of the tube), circular inner fibers (cause tube’s diameter to decrease), longitudinal outer fibers that run the length of the tube (the length of the tube contracts when they contract)

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29
Q

outermost layer of the alimentary canal

A

Serosa or serous layer

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30
Q

describe the contents of the serosa

A

outer epithelial layer with connective tissue underneath (visceral peritoneum)

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31
Q

What is the function of the cells of the serosa

A

protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid to moisten and lubricate the tube’s outer surface - reducing friction with other organs

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32
Q

What are the two basic movements of the alimentary canal

A

mixing and propelling

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33
Q

describe the mixing movement of the alimentary canal

A

smooth muscles in small segments of the tube contract rhythmically (happens in stomach and segmentation in small intestine)

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34
Q

describe the propelling movements of the alimentary canal

A

wavelike motion called peristalsis - a ring of contraction occurs in the wall of the tube

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35
Q

This receives and begins mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown with saliva in the oral cavity

A

Mastication

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36
Q

This is the chamber between the palate and the tongue

A

oral cavity

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37
Q

Lips contain __________ and ___________ for temperature and texture of food

A

skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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38
Q

what covers the tongue

A

mucus membrane

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39
Q

what connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenulum

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40
Q

the tongue is mostly ______

A

skeletal muscle

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41
Q

function of the tongue

A

mixes food particles with the saliva

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42
Q

what is on the surface of the tongue

A

papillae

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43
Q

what is the function of the papillae on the tongue

A

provide friction for food and contain taste buds

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44
Q

posterior or root of the tongue is anchored to the _________ and covered with ________ called _________

A

hyoid bone, lymphatic tissue, lingual tonsils

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45
Q

what does the palate form

A

roof of the oral cavity

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46
Q

what is the bony, anterior part of the palate

A

hard palate

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47
Q

what is in the soft palate

A

includes the uvula, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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48
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsil made of, and what do they do

A

made of lymphatic tissue to fight off infection

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49
Q

the deciduous teeth are call _____

A

primary

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50
Q

how many primary teeth are there

A

20 (10 in each jaw)

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51
Q

the permanent teeth are called

A

secondary

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52
Q

how many secondary teeth are there

A

32 (16 in each jaw)

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53
Q

this part of the tooth projects beyond the gum

A

crown

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54
Q

this part of the tooth is under the gums

A

roots

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55
Q

this part of the tooth covers the crown

A

enamel

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56
Q

this is the bulk of the tooth, beneath the enamel, made of bone like substance, but harder

A

dentin

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57
Q

this part of the tooth contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

A

pulp cavity

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58
Q

function of saliva

A

moistens food, helps bind them, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates

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59
Q

saliva is a ______, dissolving food to be tasted and ______ the mouth and teeth

A

solvent, cleanse

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60
Q

what are the two types of secretory cells

A

serous cells and mucus cells

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61
Q

these cells produce watery fluid with salivary amylase to split starch and glycogen into disaccharides

A

serous cells

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62
Q

These cells secrete thick mucus to bind food particles and lubricate the food during swallowing

A

mucus cells

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63
Q

This secretes watery saliva when you see, smell, taste, or even think about appealing food

A

parasympathetic impulses

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64
Q

these glands are inferior to the ear, secrete clear watery fluid with amylase

A

parotid glands

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65
Q

these glands are on the floor of the mouth along the jaw, secrete serous and mucous

A

submandibular glands

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66
Q

these glands are on the floor of the mouth under the tongue, secrete mucus

A

sublingual glands

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67
Q

this connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus

A

pharynx

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68
Q

the passageway for air during breathing, auditory tubes connect pharynx with middle ears

A

nasopharynx

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69
Q

the passageway for food moving downward and air moving to and from nasal cavity

A

oropharynx

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70
Q

the passageway to the esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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71
Q

describe the first stage of the swallowing mechanism

A

food chewed and mixed with saliva. Tongue rolls mixture into a bolus and forces it into the oropharynx

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72
Q

describe the second stage of the swallowing mechanism

A

food reaches oropharynx and stimulates swallowing reflex. Peristaltic wave of pharyngeal muscles force food into esophagus

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73
Q

describe the third stage of the swallowing mechanism

A

swallowing inhibits breathing momentarily as food is transported from esophagus to stomach

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74
Q

how long is the esophagus

A

25 cm

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75
Q

the esophagus is the passageway from the _________ to the _________

A

pharynx, stomach

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75
Q

the esophagus penetrates the _______ through the ________

A

diaphragm , esophageal hiatus opening

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76
Q

Mucus glands are scattered throughout the _________ of the esophagus to _______ and _________ the tube’s inner lining

A

submucosa, moisten, lubricate

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77
Q

this sphincter is at the entrance to the stomach, prevents regurgitation

A

lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

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78
Q

what shape is the stomach

A

j-shaped (pouchlike)

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79
Q

how much can the stomach hold

A

1 or more liters

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80
Q

the thick folds of the stomach are also called _______

A

rugae

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81
Q

what layers are the rugae of the stomach

A

mucosal and submucosal

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82
Q

what is food mixed with in the stomach

A

gastric acid

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83
Q

the digestion of what macromolecule begins in the stomach

A

protein

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84
Q

after the stomach, food enters the ________ _________ to finish digestion

A

small intestine

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85
Q

this is the small area near the esophageal opening where cardiac sphincter is

A

cardia

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85
Q

the storage area of the stomach

A

fundus

86
Q

main area of the stomach

A

body region

87
Q

the narrowing of the pylorus as it leads to the small intestine

A

pyloric canal

88
Q

the muscular canal that controls gastric emptying

A

pyloric sphincter

89
Q

where are gastric secretions found

A

in the mucous membrane that is the inner lining of the stomach

90
Q

what is the opening of gland to surface called

A

gastric pit

91
Q

gastric juice is the collective secretions of what three cells

A

mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells

92
Q

these cells of the stomach are in the neck of the glands, near the pit

A

mucous cells

93
Q

these cells are deeper in gland, secrete digestive enzymes

A

chief cells

94
Q

these cells are deeper in the gland, secrete HCl

A

parietal cells

95
Q

the most important digestive enzyme

A

pepsin

96
Q

pepsin is made by _________ reacting with _________

A

pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid

97
Q

pepsin digests nearly all _________ down into ________

A

protein, polypeptides

98
Q

pepsin is most active in _______ conditions

A

acidic

99
Q

what stops the stomach from dissolving itself

A

mucous from mucous cells is alkaline and coats the inner lining of the stomach

100
Q

this is secreted by parietal cells, helps small intestine absorb Vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor

101
Q

gastric juice is produced ________ but the _______ varies

A

continually, rate

102
Q

how are gastric secretions controlled

A

neurally and hormonally

103
Q

describe the process of a gland being stimulated to release more gastric juices

A

taste, smell, sight of food, or food entering the stomach, causes message to be sent from vagus nerves, stimulate release of acetylcholine from nerve endings, this causes gastric glands to secrete gastric juice, stimulates stomach to release peptide hormone gastrin and this stimulates glands to release more gastric juice

104
Q

what is happening as food enters the small intestine

A

acid triggers sympathetic nerve to inhibit gastric juice secretion. Simultaneously, proteins and fats in this region trigger release of the peptide hormone, cholecystokinin, which acts to decrease gastric motility

105
Q

what does the stomach absorb

A

small amounts of water, certain slats, some lipid-soluble drugs, alcohol (also small intestine)

106
Q

this is a mix of food and gastric juice in the stomach

A

chyme

107
Q

do liquids or solids move more quickly through the small intestine

A

liquids

108
Q

describe the time in the stomach of different macromolecules

A

fats 3-6 hours, proteins are faster, carbohydrates are the quickest

109
Q

as food enters the ______ of the small intestine secretions come form the accessory organs, _______, ________, and ________

A

duodenum, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

110
Q

this type of cells makes up the bulk of the pancreas and secretes pancreatic juice

A

pancreatic acinar cells

111
Q

___________ joins into the duodenum where bile duct from the _____ and _____ join the duodenum

A

pancreatic duct, liver, gallblader

112
Q

this controls the movement of pancreatic juices into the small intestine

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

113
Q

pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest ________, ______, _________, and _________

A

carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, proteins

114
Q

pancreatic amylase splits _______ or _______ into ______

A

starch, glycogen, disaccharides

115
Q

pancreatic lipase breaks _________ into ______ and ______

A

triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol

116
Q

two nucleases in pancreatic juice break nucleic acids into _________

A

nucleotides

117
Q

protein splitting enzymes (proteolytic) are ________, ________, and _________. These enzymes are released in a ______ form and once reach small intestine ____ ______ activates them.

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, inactive, other enzymes

118
Q

regulation of pancreatic secretion is by the ______ and ______ systems

A

nervous, endocrine

119
Q

____________ nerves help regulate pancreatic secretion when triggered by gastric juice secretion

A

parasympathetic

120
Q

as acidic chyme enters the duodenum, duodenal mucous membrane releases _______ _______, ______ into the blood stream which stimulates the secretion of _________ ______ with high concentrations of __________ ____ to neutralize acid in chyme so intestinal enzymes will work on it

A

peptide hormone, secretin, pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions

121
Q

proteins and fats in chyme in the duodenum stimulate intestinal wall to release __________, which travels via the bloodstream to the _______. The pancreatic juice released has a high concentration of ________.

A

cholecystokinin, pancreas, digestive enzymes

122
Q

what encloses the live

A

a fibrous capsule

123
Q

what divides the liver into a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe

A

connective tissue

124
Q

which lobe of the live is bigger

A

right

125
Q

each lobe of the live is divided into many _______ _______

A

hepatic lobules

126
Q

a lobule consists of many ________ radiating outward from a central vein, ________ ________ ______ separate plate-like groups of these cells from each other

A

hepatic cells, vascular hepatic sinusoids

127
Q

what brings nutrients into sinusoids and nourishes hepatic cells

A

hepatic portal vein

128
Q

these cells are large phagocytic macrophages, in the inner linings of the hepatic sinusoids, they remove bacteria and foreign particles

A

kupffer cells

129
Q

in hepatic lobules are many fine ____ ________ that carry secretions from haptic cells to _____ _______, then to hepatic ducts which lead to the _______ _____ _____?

A

bile canaliculi, bile ductules, common hepatic duct

130
Q

the liver helps maintain blood glucose levels by responding to hormones like _____ and _______ to lower blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to _______.

A

insulin, glucagon, glycogen

131
Q

how does the liver raise glucose levels

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose and converting noncarbohydrates into glucose

132
Q

what does the liver do to fatty acids

A

oxidizes

133
Q

the liver synthesizes __________, _________, and ________ and converts part of ________ and _______ molecules into fat molecules

A

lipoproteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, protein

134
Q

most vital process of the liver

A

protein metabolism

135
Q

the liver ________ amino acids, forms _____, synthesizes _______, and converts certain amino acids into other amino acids,

A

deaminates, urea, plasma proteins

136
Q

what does the liver store

A

glucogen, iron, vitamins A, D, and B12

137
Q

how does the liver remove damaged red blood cells and foreign substances

A

phagocytosis

138
Q

the liver removes _____ from the blood including alcohol and certain drugs

A

toxins

139
Q

what does the liver secrete

A

bile

140
Q

what color is liver bile

A

yellowish-green

141
Q

what cells secrete liver bile

A

hepatic cells

142
Q

what is liver bile made of

A

water, bile salts (most abundant, has digestive function), bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and electrolytes

143
Q

the gallbladder connects to the ______ duct and joins the _____ ____ duct together called the _____ duct

A

cystic, common hepatic, bile

144
Q

the gallbladder is lined with _______ cells

A

epithelial

145
Q

the wall of the gallbladder is _____

A

muscle

146
Q

the gallbladder stores _____ between meals

A

bile

147
Q

What stimulates the gallbladder to contract

A

cholecystokinin

148
Q

bile that exits the gallbladder enters the _______

A

duodenum

149
Q

what is emulsification

A

bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets

150
Q

lipase can effectively break down fate molecules after the fat droplets have mixed with ________

A

water

151
Q

bile salts enhance the absorption of ______, _______, and the fat-soluble vitamins _, _, _, and _

A

fatty acids, cholesterol, A, D, E, K

152
Q

What happens when there is a lack of bile

A

poor lipid absorption and vitamin deficiencies

153
Q

first section of the small intestine, c-shaped

A

duodenum

154
Q

2nd section of the small intestine, larger in diameter

A

jejunum

155
Q

3rd section of the small intestine, held together by peritoneal membrane called mesentery. It is attached to the posterior abdominal wall

A

ileum

156
Q

Mesentery supports ______ ______, _______, and ________ ______ that supply the intestinal wall (more in the jejunum than ileum)

A

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels

157
Q

a filmy double fold of peritoneal membrane that covers stomach, transverse colon and folds of the small intestine. It prevents spread of infection to the peritoneal cavity

A

Greater omentum

158
Q

tiny projections of the mucus membrane

A

intestinal villi

159
Q

villi are most numerous in _______ and proximal in _______

A

duodenum, jejunum

160
Q

describe the structure of intestinal villi

A

made of columnar epithelium and a core of connective tissue of blood capillaries, a lymphatic capillary (called a lacteal) and nerve fibers

161
Q

Blood vessels and lacteal carry away what

A

absorbed nutrients

162
Q

what stimulates or inhibits villus activities

A

transmitted impulses of nerve fibers

163
Q

between the bases of adjacent villi are _______ ______ _____ that extend into the mucous membrane

A

tubular intestinal glands

164
Q

what kinds of secreting cell is abundant throughout the mucosa of the small intestine

A

mucus secreting goblet cells

165
Q

specialized mucus-secreting glands in the submucosa of proximal part of _______ secrete a thick ______ mucus

A

duodenum, alkaline

166
Q

where are intestinal glands found in the small intestine and why

A

at the base of villi - watery fluid to bring digested products to vili

167
Q

describe the Ph and digestive abilities of the watery fluid secreted by the intestinal glands of the small intestine

A

near neutral, lacks digestive enzymes

168
Q

epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa have digestive enzymes embedded in membranes of _______ on _____ surfaces

A

microvilli, luminal

169
Q

this enzyme splits peptides into amino acids

A

peptidases

170
Q

these 3 enzymes split disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

sucrase, maltase, lactase

171
Q

this enzyme splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

intestinal lipase

172
Q

what secretes products while chyme is being broken down mechanically and chemically

A

goblet cells and intestinal glands

173
Q

what activates nerve plexuses within the wall of the small intestine

A

distension of the intestinal wall

174
Q

distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ___________ reflexes that trigger the release of ________ ________ ________

A

parasympathetic, small intestine secretions

175
Q

this intestinal and pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates

A

salivary amylase

176
Q

villi absorb _________ into ________

A

monosaccharides, blood capillaries

177
Q

during carbohydrate digestion, absorption happens through _______ _______ or _______ ______

A

facilitated diffusion, active transport

178
Q

this enzyme is located in the stomach and is crucial to protein digestion

A

pepsin

179
Q

in addition to pepsin, _______ mucosa and ______ enzymes are important to protein and fat digestion

A

intestinal, pancreatic

180
Q

how are amino acids absorbed by blood capillaries

A

active transport

181
Q

during fat digestion, _____ _____ and ______ diffuse into the villi epithelial cells

A

fatty acids, glycerol

182
Q

in epithelial cell ER, fats are resynthesized and cluster are encased in protein. These are called ______

A

chylomicrons

183
Q

chylomicrons leave ______ and enter _______

A

cells, lacteal

184
Q

_______ in lacteal transports chylomicrons to the blood stream

A

lymph

185
Q

some small ______ ______ may be absorbed directly into the _______ ______ without being changes back into fat

A

fatty acids, blood capillaries

186
Q

where do chylomicrons transport dietary fats to

A

muscles and adipose cells

187
Q

LDL (low density lipoproteins) _________ cholesterol to tissues

A

deliver

188
Q

HDL (high density lipoproteins) ______ cholesterol from tissues

A

remove

189
Q

where does HDL take the cholesterol

A

returns it to the liver

190
Q

how does liver dispose of cholesterol

A

secreting it into bile or by using it to synthesize bile salts

191
Q

the ________ reabsorbs much of the cholesterol and bile salts in bile and are transported back to liver. THis is a secretion-reabsorption cycle repeated

A

intestine

192
Q

what happens to cholesterol that escapes reabsorption

A

it is excreted with feces from large intestine

193
Q

how are electrolytes absorbed

A

diffusion and active transport

194
Q

how is water absorbed

A

osmosis

195
Q

two basic movements of the small intestine

A

mixing and peristalsis

196
Q

this moves intestinal contents along quickly, no/little absorption - also called diarrhea

A

peristaltic rush

197
Q

this remains contracted between the small and large intestine until gastroileal reflex increase peristalsis in the ileum and relaxes the sphincter, forcing some of the contents of the small intestine into the cecum

A

ileocecal sphincter

198
Q

beginning of the large intestine

A

cecum

199
Q

attached to the cecum, no known function

A

appendix

200
Q

4 sections of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

201
Q

this is at the end of the large intestine

A

rectum

202
Q

opening of the large intestine to the outside

A

anus

203
Q

describe the internal anal sphincter muscle

A

smooth muscle, involuntary

204
Q

describe the external sphincter muscle

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary

205
Q

the large intestine has the same wall structure as the rest of the alimentary canal, but lacks ______

A

villi

206
Q

the muscles of the large intestinal wall are _______

A

longitudinal (not uniformly distributed)

207
Q

what are the 3 distinct bands that run the length of the large intestinal wall

A

teniae coli

208
Q

the muscles of the large intestinal wall exert tension, creating a series of _______

A

pouches

209
Q

what protects the wall of the large intestine against abrasive action and binds fecal particles together

A

mucus secreted by goblet cells (alkaline pH)

210
Q

the proximal end of the large intestine absorbs _______

A

some water and electrolytes

211
Q

where are feces stored in the large intestine

A

distal end

212
Q

3 functions of the intestinal bacteria (intestinal flora)

A

break down some molecules such as cellulose, synthesize vitamins such as K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin which the intestinal mucosa absorbs, and produce intestinal gs (flatus)

213
Q

describe the movements of the large intestine

A

mixing and peristalsis (slower than the small intestine)

214
Q

the average person experiences mass movements __x or ___x a day, which a section of the intestinal wall contrstrics vigorously moving feces into the rectum

A

2,3

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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