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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular System Part 2 > Flashcards

Muscular System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

calat-

A

something inserted

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2
Q

erg-

A

work

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3
Q

hyper-

A

over, more

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4
Q

inter-

A

between

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5
Q

laten-

A

hidden

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6
Q

myo-

A

muscle

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7
Q

sacro-

A

flesh

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8
Q

syn-

A

together

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9
Q

tetan-

A

stiff

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10
Q

-troph

A

well fed

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11
Q

how many muscles in the human body

A

approximately 600 (640)

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12
Q

2 main components of muscle

A

75% water, 20% protein

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13
Q

Are skeletal muscles a push or a pull, why?

A

pull, the muscle fibers shorter, pull the insertion toward the origin

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14
Q

what percent of body weight is muscle

A

40-50%

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15
Q

4 main functions of muscles

A

move food and body fluids (urine and blood), production of heat, provide muscle tone and movement of skeleton, generate heartbeat

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16
Q

three muscle types

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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17
Q

in what 3 ways do the types of muscles differ

A

structure, location, function

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18
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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19
Q

what kind of muscle does this describe - elongated spindle but not the longest, one nucleus near the center of the cell, no striations

A

smooth muscle

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20
Q

describe the contractions of smooth muscles

A

slow and prolonged

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21
Q

2 major types of smooth muscle

A

Multi-unit and Visceral

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22
Q

describe Multi-unit smooth muscle and give examples

A

not well organized, appears as fibers instead of sheets (iris and blood vessels)

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23
Q

where is the visceral smooth muscle in comparison to the multi-unit smooth muscle

A

deeper, towards the interior

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24
Q

Describe structure, function, and location of visceral smooth muscle

A

in sheet layers, causes rhythmic wavelike contraction (peristalsis), found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus)

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25
Q

This muscle type is only found in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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26
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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27
Q

describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

uni-nuclear, cells form a branching interlacing network, some striations, sarcoplasmic reticulum poorly developed, many mitochondria, slow contractions

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28
Q

the striated and voluntary muscle

A

skeletal

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29
Q

components of skeletal muscles

A

cells up to 30 cm long and 1mm wide, multinucleated, muscular, nervous, vascular, and connective tissues

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30
Q

immovable end of a muscle

A

origin

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31
Q

moveable end of a muscle

A

insertion

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32
Q

In muscles such as the pectoralis major, what changes when the function changes?

A

origin and insertion

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33
Q

muscle doing most of the work in a muscle group

A

prime mover

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34
Q

muscle that aids the prime mover

A

synergist

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35
Q

muscles that move in the opposite direction of the prime mover

A

antagonist

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36
Q

4 general breakdowns of a muscle

A

muscle to fiber bundle to muscle cell to myofibril

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37
Q

material that separates individual skeletal muscles from adjacent muscles and forms cord like tendons

A

fascia

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38
Q

thing that surrounds the muscle

A

epimysium

39
Q

this extends inward from the epimysium to separate the muscle tissue into smaller compartments

A

perimysium

40
Q

this surrounds the groups of muscle fibers within the fascicle

A

endomysium

41
Q

what is stimulated during muscle contraction

A

motor neuron

42
Q

what is the enlargement at the end of a muscle fiber

A

motor end plate

43
Q

the union between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

44
Q

this is secreted by an end plate that diffuses to myofibrils and causes contraction

A

neurotransmitter substance

45
Q

what is made up of the motor neuron and muscle fibers

A

motor unit

46
Q

small motor unit vs large motor unit

A

smaller the motor unit the less muscle fibers and the finer the movement

47
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine

48
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to after it passes through the gap?

A

muscle fiber membrane receptors

49
Q

What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm?

A

Ca ions

50
Q

What do the Ca ions bond to?

A

Troponin units on actin fibers

51
Q

What is exposed by the displacement of tropomyosin along the myofilaments?

A

binding sites

52
Q

What catalyzes ATP?

A

ATPase

53
Q

What two components allow contraction to continue?

A

ATP and Ca ions

54
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

55
Q

Where do Ca ions go after muscle contraction ends

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

Disorder characterized by missing or abnormal dystrophin or the glycoproteins.

A

Muscular dystrophy

57
Q

Disorder in which dystrophin is missing, symptoms being by age 5, present in boys only, cannot walk by 13, dies in early adulthood

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

58
Q

A slowly progressing weakness in the muscles of the hands and feet and decreases in tendon reflexes - caused by an extra gene

A

Charcot - Marie - Tooth Disease

59
Q

A rare and inherited form of heart failure, begins in 40s, lethal 50% of the time within 5 years - caused by tiny genetic error

A

Hereditary Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

60
Q

Group of disorders that affects a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture

A

cerebral palsy

61
Q

chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles

A

Myasthenia Gravis

62
Q

A chronic disorder that causes pain and tenderness throughout the body, as well as fatigue and trouble sleeping

A

Fibromyalgia

63
Q

A disorder that affects muscles used for movements (skeletal muscles) begins in early childhood - prevents muscles from relaxing

A

Myotonia congenita

64
Q

What reacts to generate the force of contraction

A

actin and myosin filaments

65
Q

The cross-bridges of _________ form linkages with _______

A

Myosin filaments, actin filaments

66
Q

What supplies energy for muscle fiber contraction

A

ATP

67
Q

Describe the role of Creatine Phosphate

A

stores energy that can be used to synthesise ATP

68
Q

For a while, which is faster, the ATP supply from the mitochondria or the oxygen supply from blood

A

ATP from mitochondria

69
Q

This stores O2 and gives muscles their reddish/brown appearance

A

myoglobin

70
Q

Muscles respire _________ during rest or moderate exercise when they receive enough oxygen

A

aerobically

71
Q

What accumulates during strenuous exercise as a result of oxygen deficiency

A

lactic acid

72
Q

__________ is the amount of oxygen required to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose and restore the supplies of ATP and Creatine Phosphate

A

Oxygen Debt

73
Q

a ________ muscle loses its ability to contract

A

fatigued

74
Q

The accumulation of lactic acid leads to _________ and lowers ____

A

muscle fatigue, PH

75
Q

3 possible causes of muscle fatigue

A

lactic acid accumulation, interruption of blood supply, exhaustion of acetylcholine

76
Q

common name for sustained involuntary contraction

A

cramp

77
Q

How much of the energy released in cellular respiration is lost as heat?

A

more than half

78
Q

________ is an important source of body heat

A

muscle action

79
Q

The minimal stimulus required to elicit a muscular contraction

A

threshold stimulus

80
Q

Describe the all-or-none response

A

if a skeletal muscle fiber contracts at all, it will contract completely, motor units respond this way

81
Q

__________ is the recording of an electrically stimulated isolated muscle

A

myogram

82
Q

common name for a single, short contraction reflecting the stimulation of some motor units in a muscle

A

twitch

83
Q

the time between stimulus and responding muscle contraction

A

latent period

84
Q

what follows the latent period

A

a period of contraction and then relaxation

85
Q

a rapid series of stimuli may produce _______ of twitches

A

summation

86
Q

Forceful sustained contraction without relaxation

A

tetanic contraction (tetanus)

87
Q

small numbers of motor units will contract at a _______

A

low intensity of stimulation

88
Q

At __________ of stimulation, other motor units are recruited until the muscle contracts with _____.

A

increasing intensities, maximal tension

89
Q

________ and ________ together can produce a sustained contraction of increasing strength

A

summation and recruitment

90
Q

Describe muscle tone

A

even when a muscle is at rest, its fibers usually remain partially contracted

91
Q

enlargement of a muscle due to enlargement of muscle fibers rather than increase in number of fibers

A

muscular hypertrophy

92
Q

What does muscular hypertrophy allow for and why

A

it allows more forceful contractions because strength is related to the diameter of muscle fibers.

93
Q

muscle size decreases because of disuse

A

atrophy

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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