Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
Is cardiac muscle striated or not/ voluntary/non voluntary
A
striated not voluntary
2
Q
what is the cardiac muscle connected by
A
intercalated discs
3
Q
Epicardium
A
superficial layer
4
Q
Myocardium
A
contration unit has cardiac muscle
5
Q
Endocardium
A
form lining of the heart chambers
6
Q
Two layers of pericardium
A
parietal, visceral layer
7
Q
what are the two parts of pericardium separated by
A
pericardial cavity
8
Q
functions of pericardium
A
protects, anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, friction-free environment
9
Q
4 chambers of heart
A
2 atria, 2 ventricles
10
Q
where are the valves located
A
b/w ventricles and blood vessels
11
Q
two types of valves
A
atrioventricular valves semilunar valves
12
Q
where does the atrioventricular valve lie
A
between atrioventricular and ventricles
13
Q
Right AV valve
A
tricuspid valve
14
Q
left AV valve
A
bicuspid mitral valve
15
Q
What anchors Av valves to papillary muscles of ventricle wall
A
Chordae tendinae
16
Q
Aortic Valve is where
A
between left ventricle and aorta
17
Q
pulmonary valve
A
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
18
Q
do semilunar valves have chordate teninae
A
no
19
Q
heart murmurs
A
extra or unusual sound during heart beat
20
Q
innocent heart murmurs
A
not caused by heart problem. kids, thin people, elderly
21
Q
abormal murmur
A
in newborns; congenital heart defects, insufficient/incompetent: valve fails to close, stenotic: valve fails to open
22
Q
coronary circulation
A
blood supply to the heart muscle itself
23
Q
what ensures blood delivery even if major vessels are occulated
A
collateral routes
24
Q
which artery has cost common coronary artery occlusion or heart attack
A
LCA
25
pacemaker cells
cardiac muscle cells that are self excitable
26
what makes the heart contract as a unit
gap junctions
27
how much of cardiac muscle is mitochondria
30-40%
28
what determines the heart rate
sinoatrial node (SA)
29
What does EKG stand for?
Cardiac Electrophysiology
30
what does an ekg measure
the positive and negative defections
31
what does the p stand for
atrial contractions
32
what does qrs stand for
ventricular contraction
33
what does t stand for
ventricular repolarization
34
what is normal heart rate
60-100 bpm
35
atrial fibrillation
p waves are not clearly visible, p doesn't follow qrs, p waves could be + or -
36
ventricular l fibrillation
rate and rhythm cant de determined
37
two periods that determines blood pressure
systole, diastole
38
systole
period of contraction of ventricles between 1st and 2nd heart sounds
39
what causes the ejection of blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
systole
40
in an EKG what marks systole
QRS
41
diastole
period of relaxation of the heart muscle and filling chambers with blood
42
what period receives blood supply
diastole
43
what separates the two atria
interatria septum
44
what separates the two ventricles
inter ventricular septum
45
AV valves prevent blackflow when ventricles
contract
46
atrioventircular bundle Is connected directly to
AV node
47
what splits interventruclar septum towards the apex
L and R Bundle
48
preload
end of diastolic volume
49
after load
mean material pressure
50
complete ventricular ejection
SL valves open and ventricles fully contract at high pressure to arteries
51
isovolumetric relaxation
second heart sound S2 and ventricles relax
52
total amount of blood in the left ventricle is pushed out with each heartbeat
stoke volume
53
arteries
take blood away from heart
54
veins
return the blood
55
blood vessels that go from arteries to veins
arteries, arterioles, capillaires, venues, veins
56
what blood vessels are smooth muscle
arteries
57
what blood vessels are strong and elastic
arteries
58
what blood vessels have sphincters
arteries
59
what blood vessels conduct blood to capillaries
arteries
60
what blood vessels are the end of arteries
arterioles
61
blood flow into capillary beds is determined by
arteriolar diameter
62
what blood vessels are thin enough to allow diffusion
capillaries
63
what blood vessels holds up to 65% of total blood volume
veins
64
walls of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
65
innermost layer in contact with blood
tunica intima
66
thickest layer, consists of smooth muscle elastin, collagen
tunica media
67
what is the tunic media regulated by
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system
68
what layer is has its thickness prevent diffusion the blood vessel
tunica externa
69
what is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure between two points in the circulation
blood flow or f
70
what is the difference between arterial and venous pressure
blood flow or f
71
blood flow to inversely proportional to
peripheral resistance R in the systemic circulation
72
there types pf arteries
elastic, muscular, small arteries
73
conducting arteries
elastic
74
distributing arteries
muscular
75
resistance arteries
small arteries
76
what type of arteries have the natural ability to contract and relax
elastic
77
hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
78
what type of arteries followed the end of elastic arteries
muscular
79
what type of arteries accounts up to 90% of the blood arteries
muscular
80
another name for arterioles
small arteries
81
what is following the end of the muscular arteries
arterioles
82
what determines minute to minute blood flow into the capillary beds is determines by arteriolar
arteriolar diameter
83
arteriolar diameter is controlled by
nervous system hormone local chemical concentration such as O2 or CO2
84
three types of capillaries
continuous, menstruated, sinusoid
85
what type of capillary is least permeable and most common
continuous
86
continuous is held together by
tight junctions
87
where is continuous found
skin muscles lung CNS
88
what type of capillary has large fenestrations or pores that increase permeability
fenstrated
89
where is menstruated found
active filtration areas kidney or small intestine
90
what type of capillary is most pemable and occur in limited locations
sinusoid
91
where is the sinusoid found
liver bone marrow spleen and adrenal medulla
92
why are veins regarded as capacitance vessels of the cardiovascular system
because they are relatively thin walled and flaccid and expand easily to accommodate and increase volume of blood
93
when at rest vein contain how much blood volume
64%
94
venues
start form the capillaries , extremely proud and thus allowed substances to move out easily
95
venues play an important role in
infection and inflammation
96
medium veins
followed from veins, thinner and lumens are larger than arteries
97
what holds up to 65% of total blood volume
medium veins
98
what structure prevent blood from f lowing backwards the veins
venous valves
99
what is the purpose of venous valves
to return blood to the heart
100
what is specialized flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only endothelium
venous sinus
101
where are venous sinus found
coronary sinus
102
varicose veins
tortuous and dilated bc of incompetent or leaky valves
103
blood pressure control involves both
cardiovascular system and renal system
104
barorceptor reflex
carotid aortic
105
myogenic regulation
smooth muscle in arteries will respond to increase in pressure
106
medullary cardiac control center
brainstem
107
baroreflex 1
high blood pressure dented by arterial stretch receptors
108
baroreflex 2
afferent neuron carries signal to CNS
109
baroreflex 3
efferent signals on vagus nerve of ANS travel to the heart
110
baroreflex 4
heart then slows reducing blood pressure
111
what is example of homeostatic negative feedback loop
visceral reflexes
112
control of blood pressure hormones
those that work in kidney cells to control salt and water levels
113
norepinephrine
causes vasoconstriction
114
epinephrine
cause vasodilation
115
what is caused by fib-fatty plaques
atherosclerosis
116
atheroma obstruct
vascular lumen and weaken the underlying media
117
what is direct cause of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis
118
functions of circulatory system
transport, protection, regulation
119
what does CS system transport
O2 CO2 nutrients waste hormones and stem cells
120
what does CS protect
from inflammation spread of infections, destroy microorganisms, cancer cells neutralize toxins and initiat clotting
121
what does CS regulate
fluid balance, stabilizes ph of eco AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL
122
blood
liquid connective tissue
123
plasma
matrix of blood, clears, light yellow fluid 43-60% of blood
124
formed elements
red blood cells white blood cells
125
Buffy coat
white blood cells, platelets
126
hematocrit
red blood cells
127
development of all blood cells
hemopoiesis
128
erythrocytes
erythropoiesis
129
leucocytes
leucopoieses
130
thrombocytes
thrombopoiesis
131
where does blood tissue
hemopoietic tissue
132
yolk sac
3-8 week produces all stem cells
133
liver
6-30
134
spleen
9-28 remains producing leukocytes
135
bones marrow
28-adulthood
136
myeloid tissue
bone marrow
137
bones marrow is
soft and gelatinous tissue that fills cavities of bones
138
by age 18 what retains bone marrow
vertebrae ribs sternum skull pelvis proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus and femur retain marrow
139
two parts of bone marrow
red bone marrow not lymphocytes and yellow bone marrow
140
plasma cells or no cells
no cells
141
plasma serum
fluid when blood clots and solid are removed
142
albumins
smallest most abundant contribute to viscosity and osmolarity, influence blood pressure blow
143
fibrinogen
precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
144
globulins
antibodies made by plasma cells provide immune system functions alpha beta gamma globulins
145
hypoproteinemia
deficient of plasma proteins, extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease
146
kwashlorkor
children with sever protein deficiency
147
erythrocyte
red blood cells, no Mitch. and nucleus
148
rbs functions
gas transport, carbonic anhydrase in cytoplasm, plays a crucial role in the clotting process
149
hemoglobin is composed of
2 alpha or 2 beta polypeptide submits globes
150
4 heme groups
non protein moiety that binds o2 to ferrous oil fe at its center
151
hemoglobin A
accounts for 95%
152
hemoglobin F fetal
functionally stable until 6 months age
153
hemoglobin S
found primarily in sickle cell disease
154
lifespan of erythropoiesis
120 days
155
development of erythropoiesis
3-5 days
156
colony forming unit
has receptors for erythropoietin from kidneys
157
erthroblasts
multiple and synthesize hemoglobin
158
reticulocyte
looses nucleus
159
iron metabolism
key nutritional requirement
160
gastroferritin
binds to fe and transports it to small intestine
161
stomach converts
fe3+ to absorbable fe2+
162
vitamin b12 and folic acid
rapid cell division and na synthesis that occurs in erythropoiesis
163
vitamin C and copper
cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin
164
hemolysis
abs rupture
165
hemolysis occurs
in spleen and liver(recycling)
166
polycthemia
excess of RBCS
167
polycythemia
cancer
168
anemia
blood oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism
169
most common anemia
iron deficiency
170
what is iron deficiency due to
decreased iron intake or increased loss of iron due to choleric blood loss
171
two types fo inadequate erythropoiesis
iron deficiency and pernicious anemia
172
pernicious anemia
immune system damage to the parietal cells of stomach,
173
what does pernicious anemia prevent
production of intrinsic factor which must be present for B12 absorption by intestinal cells
174
what causes anemia
low levels of B12
175
sickle cell anemia
autosomal recessive that causes amino acid substitution
176
in sickle cell anemia what does not bind well to oxygen
HbS
177
in sickle cell anemia RBC become
rigid sticky pointy
178
in sickle cell anemia they clump together and block
small blood vessels
179
what can sickle cell anemia lead to
kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis
180
what Is the genetic defect in beta thalassemia
structure of hemoglobin chain
181
in beta thalassemia one structural abnormality
no symptoms
182
in beta thalassemia two structural abnormality
symptoms
183
what is the most reactive and patient is considered blood type RH+ if having D antigen
RD D
184
hemolytic disease of newborns
can occur in RH- mother has formed antibodies and is urgent with second RH+ BABY
185
CAN RH + cross placenta
yes
186
Buffy coat
1% total volume, complete cells,
187
diapedesis
walk outside the blood vessel to fight invaders
188
three types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
189
neutrophils
first line of cellular defense against bacterial infection, 70% of blood cells
190
eosinophils
helps limit the inflammation response of mass cells who produce histamine
191
basophils
contain heparin a potent anticoagulant
192
antigens
complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response
193
antibodies
bind to antigens and mark them for destruction
194
aggluntins
antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
195
what does agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
196
what is your ABO blood type determined by
presence or absence of antigens on rbs
197
blood type A
A antigens, Anti-B antibodies
198
blood type B
B antigens Anti-A antibodies
199
blood type AB
a b antigens no antibodies
200
BLOOD TYPE o
no antigen has antiA antiB antibodies
201
most common type of blood
type O
202
raste type of blood
AB
203
universal recipient
AB
204
T lymphocytes
immunity
205
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies
206
largest leukocytes
monocytes
207
monocytes differentiate into
macrophages
208
monocytes are active
phagocytes with eat foreign cells, virus, parasites
209
leukocytosis
increased number of WBS
210
leukopenia
abnormally low number WBC
211
leukemia
increase production of WBS, abc dont have time to fully develop due to over production, immature cells aren't able to fight infections
212
what are related in response to thrombopoetin
platelets or thrombocytes
213
platelets or thrombocytes
small fragments of megakarocyte cells
214
meostasis
cessation bleeding and hemorrhage
215
vascular spasm
prompt contraction of Brocken vessel
216
coagulation
clotting last and most effective defense against bleeding
217
what leads to framework of clot
conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
218
extrinsic pathway
factors released by damaged tissue
219
intrinsic pathway
factors found in blood
220
thrombocytopenia
lower than 150,
221
thrombocytosis
higher than 450
222
asplenia
absence of normal spleen function
223
hyposplenism
decreased breakdown due to decreased fucntion of spleen
224
hemophilia
hereditary disease
