micro exam #2 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
endosymbiotic theory
A
our mitochondria were once free living bacteria
2
Q
who invented endosymbiotic theory
A
Lynn margulis 1967
3
Q
what question did a cell biologist ask himself
A
how did life go from single cell to multicellular organisms?
4
Q
what things are organelles?
A
Golgi apparatus, mitochondira, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes
5
Q
organelle
A
sub cellular (smaller than a cell) structure that important for life but by them selves organelles are not alive
6
Q
ribosomes
A
help with protein synthesis
7
Q
DNA mRNA ribosomes
A
enzymes are a type of protein
8
Q
endocytosis
A
process where cell “capture” other cell as a food source
9
Q
aerobic respiration
A
process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen
10
Q
first step of endosymbiosis
A
early cell engulfed aerobic bacteria
11
Q
second step of endosymbiosis
A
they lost ability to live by themselves became mitochondria, chloroplast
12
Q
where does bacteria produce their energy
A
cell membrane
13
Q
prokaryotes
A
single celled organisms lacking membrane bound organelles
14
Q
chloroplast and mitchchonira both contain their own
A
dna and ribosomes
15
Q
circular dna
A
bacteria and mito
16
Q
endosymbiosis
A
cell offers bacteria protection, moist environment (no drying out), food is brought to them
17
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis
A
Mitch and bacteria-what in common?
18
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 1
A
Mitch have DNA
19
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 2
A
DNA genes, proteins, enzymes. Mitch has all enzymes needed for ATP
20
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 3
A
mitch have circular DNA like bacteria
21
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 4
A
mitch reproduce like bacteria
22
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 5
A
mitoribosomes, unique ribosomes in mitch
23
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 6
A
atp production and mitoribosomes in inner membrane
24
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis 7
A
same size
25
macromolecule
molecule containing large # of atoms
26
ex of macromolecule
protein carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid
27
mitochondria
double membrane bound organelle
28
does bacteria have mitochondria
no
29
where is biochemical process of reparation and energy occur
mitochondria
30
role of mitochondria
produce energy currency of the cell through reparation and regulate cellular metabolism like Krebs cycle
31
can eukaryotes be both single and multicellular
yes
32
eukaryotes
membrane bound organelles, nucleus
33
all bacteria are " " and generally have a " "
prokaryotic, single chromosome
34
biochemical testing
identify species or genus
35
GPR biochemical test
MSA, BAP, starch
36
GNR biochemical test
EMB carbohydrate test, MacConkey test
37
biochemical tests commonly use the
color system or gram staining
38
can disaccharide get though bacterium
no
39
carbohydrates used for
cell wall DNA formation
40
ex of monosaccharides
glucose fructose galactose
41
ex of disaccharide
sucrose lactose maltose
42
what happens of macromolecule is too big to simply cross into bacterium
bacterium must produce exoenzyme to break down macromolecule
43
endoenzymes
intercellular enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was produce (function within the cell)
44
lipase
enzymes that catalyzes breakdown of fatty acids
45
protease
enzymes breaksdown proteins (peptides
46
ph indicator can detect
fecal contamination
47
ph indicator
added to solution so acidity basicity can be seen visually
48
ph changes when
waste given off by bacteria metabolizing medium
49
periplasmic space
in negative: 2, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan, periplasmic space
in postive: 1 peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane
50
cell membrane
sorrounding cytoplasm, flexible,
51
what forms the cell membrane
phsopolidids and proteins
52
five functions of cell membrane
protects, receptor, cell mobility, regulates transport in and out , receives chemical messengers from other cells
53
what is ribosomes made of
rna and protiens
54
what are the two types of sugar molecules in cell wall that are the glycan
NAG and NAM
55
What acts as a cross bridge to connect NAG AND NAM
Amino acids (enhancing cell wall ridgety)
56
is penicillins fast or slow
slow
57
what does penicillin inhibit
synthesizing enyme that some bacteria make
58
penicillin effect on bacterial cell walls
aren't enough amino acids connecting bridges and peptidoglycan layer becomes unstable
59
how does synthesizing enzyme work
allows new bacteria (binary fission) to enlarge by adding amino addicts to peptidoglycan layer, cell wall gets bigger
60
cocci diplocci
step. pneumonia
61
cocci chains
step pyogenes
62
cocci clusters
s. aures
63
bacilli chain
bacillus anthraces
64
vibrios
vibrio cholerae
65
what is the major component of the outer layer of gram negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharide
66
where is the LPS located
outer layer of the membrane and is exposed to cell surface
67
LPS also known as
lipoglycans and endotoxins
68
exotoxin
made internally then released
69
example of exotoxin
clostridium neurotoxin
70
what structure is released when bacteria die
endotoxin
71
lipid a exotoxin or endotoxin
endotoxin
72
what is in LPS layer
lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid a
73
people die from E. coli when
lipid A is just floating around
74
what does lipid a do
1. initiate blood clotting(kidneys, capillaries) 2. blood clots turn into broken capillaries 3. kidney failure
75
what does lipid a affect
fever inflammation diarrhea shock blood coagulation
76
why is it a loose loose situation to give patient antibiotics when there cells shut down
bacteria will die and lipid a will be released
77
two places E. coli infection
fecal (irrigation) raw beef
78
does lipid a grow on agar
no
79
why does lipid a septic shock happen
due to rapid drop of blood pressure due to overwhelming infection (leaky plasma
80
septic
total organ infection, too leaky leads to infection
81
3 ways bacteria die
macrophages, antibiotics, naturally
82
how to treat septic shock
artificial spleen
83
artificial spleen
device similar to dialysis that rids body of toxins and infection
84
how does artificial spleen work
blood enters biospleen device through nano beads that have receptor cites that bind to pathogens. the magnet on device pulls beads out of blood, clean blood gets put back in patient
85
if pathogen comes out negative
then lipid a is causing septic
86
importance of receptor sites
convey signals that bind to molecules and initiate response
87
capsules
helps with drying out, slows macrophage digestion or antibiotics, stick to things
88
a bacteria with capsule
strep pyogenes
89
biofilm
EPS
90
the making of biofilm depends on what
critical mass of microbes in one area
91
hardened biofilm
tarter
92
textured biofilm
cholera
93
necessary number to have enough bacteria in one place
quorum
| cell to cell communication
94
quorum release happens with " " too
toxin release
95
colonization resistance
barrier to newcomers
96
John snow
cholera epidemic, epidemiology, public health, theory of biogenesis, spatial analysis
97
snows first observation and explanation
snow work with patients and no sick= cholera not respiratory MC
98
snows second observation and explanation
cholera patients not near other cholera patients = cholera no contact MC
99
snows third observation and explanation
cholera skip neighborhoods = respiratory
100
contagion theory
disease are contagious rather than spontaneous generation theory
101
what did snow do in 1850
add cholera to list of infectious disease
102
epidemiology
branch of medicine that deals with incidence , distrubution and control
103
how can disease be transmitted
oral fecal sexually contact airborne
104
causative agent of cholera
vibrio cholerae
105
what shape in cholera
comma shaped
106
what bacteria is high salt tolerant low ph and acid tolerant
cholera
107
where does cholera hang out
fecally polluted fresh water and salt water
108
in fish water does cholera have comma shape or rod shaped
rod
109
where is cholera comma shaped
our gut
110
protein production is controlled by
quorum sensing
111
what does comma shape do for the bacteria
more pathogenic
112
why is cholera comma shape
CrVA protein inhibits growth on one side
113
cholera toxin in controlled by
quorum sensing
114
cholera toxin attaches to what and why
sodium and chloride channels and keep from closing.
115
when cholera toxin attach to channels what does this cause
water flood in the intestine
116
is small pox airborne
no
117
small pox transmission
through conact, person to person or saliva droplets in infected persons mouth
118
antigenic
degree in which you make antibodies low or high output of antibody production
119
antigen
foreign substance or toxin that induces immune respond
120
what does antigen activate
lymphocytes
121
lymphocytes
infection fighting white blood cells
122
where are mast cells found
connective tissue
123
what do mast cells release during inflammation or allergic reactions
histamine
124
macrophages that leak out of capillaries also release
plasma
125
vasodilation
dilation of blood vessels which decrease blood pressure
126
what are released from macrophages and signal for more macrophages to relieve or clean up infected site
cytokines
127
can syphilis be congenital
yes cross placenta
128
if syphilis isn't treated where can it spread
bone marrow cartilage and brain
129
syphilis
STD by direct contact during vaginal or anal sex
130
causing agent of syphilis
treponema pallidum
131
STDS
syphilis gonorrhoea, chlamydia
132
can you make antibodies if you have STD
no
133
pelivic inflammatory disease
uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries can cause infertility if not treated
134
what is chronic lyme disease due to
persister cells
135
persister cells
remain dormant until antibiotics are halted(conditions are met) not targeted by antibiotics
136
what tick
black legged deer tick
137
why is Lyme disease an example of arthropod-borne infection
because bacterium is transferred through bite of a tick
138
reservoir host carries bacteria but not harmed
east- white footed mouse
| west- black footed moue
139
step 1 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans
mouse- reservoir house
140
step 2 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans
ticks feed off mouse develop nymphs
141
step 3 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans
nymphs attach to mammals
142
step 4 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans
nymphs develop into adult ticks then drop off Ito grass
143
step 5 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans
ticks picked up my human + bacteria is transferred
144
zoonosis
infection we get from animal/ found in animal (not insect)
145
ex of zoonosis
Lyme disease rabies plague
146
vector
carries how we get infected
147
ex of vector
tick transferring bacteria from mouse to us
148
enteric
related to or occurring in the intestines
149
CSF glucose bacterial meningitis
glucose levels lower
150
why is glucose levels lower in bacterial meningitis
bacteria uses glucose for itself
151
CSF protein bacterial meningitis
increase
152
why is protein levels higher in bacterial meningitis
because cell destruction bu bacteria
153
CSF glucose viral meningitis
stays same
154
CSF protein viral meningitis
increase
155
does viral meningitis grow on broth or agar
no because no preproduction
156
when do soil microbes form into endospores
when conditions are not met from high salt or sugar
157
do endospores reproduce or metabolize when dormat
no
158
endospores can be made only by some
gram postive bacteria
159
bacillus anthracis
GPR soil toxin made by bacteria damage cells produce anthrax spores
160
bacillus subtilis
GPR soil and gi tract of humans
161
strep pyogenes
produce a protease known as SPYcep
162
group A strep
strep throat
163
strep mutans
GPR not very pathogenic, biofilm, oral cavity, tooth decay, break down enamel
164
strep pneumoniae
GPR has capsule
165
staph aures
GPR postive for catalase
166
treponema pallidum
GNR, through blood stream
167
E. coli 0157:H7
GNR shiga toxin, fecal contamination
168
vibrio cholerae
GNR WATERY diaherra= dehydration
169
borrelia mayonii
GNR can cause Lyme disease
170
borrelia burgdorferi
GNR Lyme disease
171
mycobacterium tuberculosis
wavy coat around cell way
172
mycobacterium bovis
TB in cattle spread to humans through airway
173
proteus mirabilis
GNR part of our intestinal microbiome, can cause uti
174
pseudonmonas aeruginosa
burn patients iv plastic tubbing cf patients
175
clostridium perfringes
GPR # cause of gangrene dead tissue rotting flesh bacteria emit foul smelling gas
176
clostridium botulinnum
produces neurotoxins in bodies that inhibit the release of acetylcholine,
177
clostridium difficile
GPR INTESTINAL
178
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
GPR soil rod shaped neurotoxin releases too much each ORGANIMS MUST PLACE IT IN BLOOD STREAM
179
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
GNR meningitis
180
neisseria gonorrhoeae
PID gonnorrhoeae
