Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
It is a special type of dense regular CT
A
Cartilage
Bone
2
Q
What cells are in the bone
A
Osteocytes
3
Q
What cells are in the cartilage
A
Chondrocytes
4
Q
It is the inside cavities
A
Lacunae
5
Q
It is gelatinous, firm.
A
Intercellular matrix of cartilage
6
Q
It is calcified rigid hard
A
Intercellular matrix of bone
7
Q
What are the types of cartilage
A
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous
8
Q
There are blood vessels and lymph vessels in the cartilage. T/F
A
F
9
Q
It is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body
A
Hyaline cartilage
10
Q
It forms the bulk of the skeleton of the fetus
A
Hyaline cartilage
11
Q
It fills the lacunae where it resides
A
Chondrocytes
12
Q
This cell is capable of mitosis
A
Young chondrocytes
13
Q
It is chondrocytes that stay close together that appear to occupy the same lacuna
A
Isogenous cells
14
Q
It consists of an amorphous ground substance where extracellular fibers are embedded
A
Cartilage Matrix
15
Q
Water accounts for what % of the weight of the tissue
A
70% - 80%
16
Q
What is cartilage made of
A
Proteoglycans
17
Q
It is the intercellular substance that surrounds a lacuna
A
Territorial matrix
18
Q
It is the area in between the territorial matrix
A
Interterritorial matrix
19
Q
It is the layer of territorial matrix
A
Pericellular capsule
20
Q
It is a fibronectin like substance that promotes the adherence of collagen fibers to the cell surface of the chondryocytes
A
Chronodectin
21
Q
What type of collagen are in the extracellular fiber in hyaline cartilage
A
Type II collagen
22
Q
It is more flexible than hyaline cartilage and is yellowish in fresh specimens
A
Elastic cartilage
23
Q
Where can the elastic cartilage be found
A
auricle external acoustic meatus ear auditory tube epiglottis larynx
24
Q
What type of collagen is elastic cartilage
A
Type II collagen
25
This cartilage can withstand greater stress than the 2. It makes up the intervertebral discs, articular discs, and glenoid, and acetabular labra
Fibrous cartilage
26
This can be found in the tendons and ligaments
Fibrous cartilage
27
What type of collage in fibrous cartilage
Type I collagen
28
What kind of tissue is fibrous cartilage
dense regular CT
29
All cartilages are enveloped by this except articular cartilages
Perichondrium
30
What is the outer layer of the perichondrium
Fibrous layer
31
What is the inner layer of the perichondrium
Chondrogenic layer
32
It is cells of the chondrogenic layer apposed to the surface of the cartilage are stem cells
Osteoprogenitor cells
33
It synthesizes the precursors of the extracellular fibers
Chondroblasts
34
It comprises the bulk of the adult skeleton form a rigid framework in the body
Bone
35
What are the classification of the bones
Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid bones
36
It is the bones that are confined to the extremities; typically consists of a body or shaft
Long bone
37
It is bones that are cuboidal and are confined to the wrist and ankle
Short bone
38
It is bones that are typical by sternum, scapulae and many bones of the skull
Flat bones
39
It is bones that incluse vertebrae, hip bones
Irregular bones
40
It is bones that develop in tendons that rub bony surfaces; example is the patella
Sesamoid bone
41
What are the forms of bone tissue
Spongy and compact bone
42
There is more compact than spongy bone in the body. T/F
F
43
What % does the spongy bone account for the skeletal mass
20 - 25%
44
What % does the compact bone account for the skeletal mass
75 - 80%
45
It consists of an outer layer that blends with a more cellular layer
Periosteum
46
It firmly anchors the periosteum to the bone Sharpey's fibers
Sharpey's fibers
47
It is thinner than periosteum that consists of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells
Endosteum
48
It is the small canals in the bone
Canaliculi
49
It is the framework of a bone
Bone marrow
50
It makes up the bulk of compact bones. It consists of several bone lamellae and are arranged concentrically
Haversian system or Osteon
51
It is a longitudinal channel that contains blood vessels and nerves
Haversian canal
52
It contains blood vessels and nerves and are lined by endosteum
Volkmann's Canal
53
It is the most developed in long bones
Circumferential lamellae
54
It consists of an amorphous ground substance where extracellular fibers are embedded
Bone matrix
55
What does the ground substance of the bone mainly consists of
Water
56
Inorganic minerals in the ground substance forms what
Calcium hydroxyapatite
57
The core proteins of these are shorter than in cartilage
Proteoglycans
58
The bone matrix is composed of what type of collagen
Type I collagen fibers
59
What are the types of cells are present in bone
Osteoprogenitor cell
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
60
This cell differentiate from embryonic mesenchymal cells
Osteoproginitor cell
61
What are the cells that he osteoprogenitor cell can differentiate to
Osteoblasts or chondroblasts
62
These are fusiform cells and cannot be differentiated from fibroblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
63
It is responsible for the synthesis of the precursors of collagen fibers as well as the other organic constituents of bone matrix
Osteoblast
64
These cells aid in bone resorption
Osteoblasts
65
What hormone is secreted
Osteoclast stimulating factor
66
It is cells that occupy the lacunae in bone tissue
Osteocytes
67
It is uncalcified bone matrix
Osteoid tissue
68
It is large multinucleated cells seen on the surface of the bone where resorption takes place
Osteoclast
69
It consists of villus-like processes of plasmalemma which give off branches that anastomose with each other
Ruffled border
70
What cells are responsible for bone resorption
Osteoclasts
71
Area where cartilage develops
Center of chondrification
72
This growth mechanism expands the cartilage from within; it is only possible in young cartilage
Interstitial growth
73
It is responsible for growth length in long bones
Interstitial growth
74
It is a growth mechanism of cartilage that is a function of the perichondrium and occurs when the osteoprogenitor cells in the perichondium multiply and differentiate into chondroblasts
Appositional growth
75
What is the most common degenerative process
Calcification of the matrix
76
The damaged area of cartilage is easily replaced since it has blood vessels. T/F
F (it is limited since it does not have blood vessels and often is replaced by scar tissue)
77
Bone is produced to replace what
Mesenchyme
| Hyaline cartilage
78
Bone formation occurs in areas occupied by mesenchyme areas called
Intramembranous ossification
79
Bone formation occurs in areas where hyaline cartilage exists
Intracartilaginous ossification
80
Bones formed by the first membrane
Membrane Bones
81
Bones formed by the second process
Cartilage bones
82
What form is the bone first deposited as
Woven bone
83
It is where the intercellular substance is arranged in thin layers
Lamellar bone
84
Intramembranous ossification produces what bones
Flat bones of the skull
85
It involves replacement of a hyaline cartilage model with bone
Endochondral ossification
86
What does endochondral ossification produce
limbs
pelvis
vertebral column
87
Bone can only grow in what method
Appositional method
88
It enables long bones to growth in length and the individual to grow in height
Epiphyseal plate
89
It anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis
Zone of resting cartilage cells
90
It is where intersitital growth occurs
Zone of proliferation
91
It consists of large cells and lacunae and this is the zone where cell do not divide anymore
Zone of maturation
92
It is a very thin region where cartilage matrix is calcified and most of the cells are already dead
Zone of calcification
93
It is the place where bone is deposited through the actions of the osteoblasts that have attached themselves to the cartilage rmanants
Zone of ossification
94
When cartilage cells stop dividing and the cartilage plate is replaced completely by bone
Closure of the epiphyseal plate
95
It is the growth in width of bone
Periosteum
96
What are the forms of remodeling
External and internal
97
It refers to changes that occur in the shape of a bone in response to external factors
External remodeling
98
It refers to the never ending cycle of resorption and formation of Haversian systems
Internal Remodeling
99
This deficiency results in poor intestinal absorption of calcium
Vitamin D deficiency
100
Condition of failure of calcification
Rickets
101
IT is characterized by stunting growth and developing weak bones
Osteomalacia
102
Vitamin C deficiency causes
Scurvy
103
Vitamin A deficiency affects the
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts and retards bone growth
104
What mineral does bones store
Calcium
105
It is the primary regulator of blood calcium level
Parathyroid hormone
106
Opposes the activity of the parathyroid hormone is the hormone ___
Calcitonin
107
Calcitonin is secreted by the ____ of the ___
Parafollicular cells; thyroid hormone
108
This hormone increases in number of osteoblasts and stimulates bone formation
Estrogen
109
The absence of the hormone delays the closure of epiphyseal plates
Androgens
110
It is secreted by the pituitary gland also markedly influences bone growth
Human growth hormone (hGH)
111
Condition where absence or low levels of circulating growth homone
Dwarfism
112
Condition where hormone is enhances in mitosis of the chondrocutes in the epiphyseal plate
Gigantism
113
Condition of excess growth hormone
Acromegaly
114
Acromegaly is a condition characterized by deformed or overgrowth of ____
Mandible (lower jaw)
