Lymphoid Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What are the first line of defense of the body. It acts as physical barriers to the entry of harmful substances into the body
A
Skin and mucous membrane
2
Q
It protects the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
A
Mucus
3
Q
This helps some epithelial cells to move and eliminate toxic substances
A
Cilia
4
Q
These contain antibacterial substances including lysozymes that fight off pathogenic microorganism
A
Tears and saliva
5
Q
What are the defense systems of the lymphoid system
A
Inflammatory response
Immune response
6
Q
It is an immediate but mainly localized process that starts within minutes of tissue damage or entry of a microorganism or foreign antigen
A
Inflammatory response
7
Q
What are the effector cells of the inflammatory response
A
neutrophils
macrophages
8
Q
What are the assisting cells of the inflammatory response
A
Eosinophil Basophil Mast cell NK cell T-cell
9
Q
This response destroy invading organisms and foreign antigens by phagocytosis
A
Inflammatory response
10
Q
It is chemicals that attract phagocytes
A
Chemotaxins
11
Q
It is a collection of more than 20 plasma proteins produced by the liver
A
Complement system
12
Q
In immune response complement system is activated by
A
Antibodies
13
Q
Bacteria with proteins
A
Opsonins
14
Q
It is proteins that act signaling compounds
A
Cytokines
15
Q
This congregate in the injured area within minutes
A
Activated phagocytes
16
Q
What cells have limited phagocytic activity but process the antigens they have digested
A
Macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells
17
Q
It is responsible for classical local signs and symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness etc)
A
Cytokines
18
Q
It is a cytokine produced activated macrophage enters the bloodstream
A
interleukin-1
19
Q
Temperature regulating center of the brain
A
Hypothalamus
20
Q
It is a more powerful body defense system than the inflammatory response but it takes longer if the invading antigen is a new one
A
Immune Response
21
Q
This response system is antigen-specific
A
Immune response
22
Q
It is any substance perceived by the immune system as foreign to the body
A
Antigen
23
Q
What are the effector cells of immune response
A
Lymphocytes
24
Q
It is a molecular which is responsible for signal transmission and mediated via the T-cell receptor
A
CD3
25
A CD4 marker can differentiate into
helper T-cell
26
A CD8 marker can differentiate into
cytotoxic T-cell
| suppressor T-cell
27
What are the type of immune responses
Humoral
| Cell-mediated
28
It refers to immunity mediated by antibodies
Humoral Immunity
29
Are substances that are synthesized by plasma cells
Antibodies
30
What cell is primarily function in the humoral immunity
B-cells
31
Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they simply bind to the antigens that have triggered their production. T/F
T
32
It is important to study this immunity response in containing many viral and bacterial infections
Humoral immunity
33
This type of immunity is conferred by vaccines against many childhood illnesses
Humoral immunity
34
This type of immunity is not mediated by antibodies
Cell-mediated immunity
35
What are the effector cells of cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic t-cells
36
What are within the cytotoxic t-cells
virus-infected cells with intracellular bacteria
37
What does the cytotoxic t-cells target
Cancer cells
38
It is the process when a cell release the proteins in their cytoplasmic granules into the area where their target cells are
Apoptosis
39
This immunity response is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions and tissue and organ transplant rejection
Cellular immunity
40
The entry of a new antigen into the body elicits ___________
Primary immune response
41
It is a subsequent entries of the same antigen elicits a _____________
Secondary immune response
42
It is an immune response designed to eliminate the new antigen and produce lymphocytes
Primary immune response
43
What does the primary immune response involves
Antigen recognition
Lymphocyte activation
Effector phase
44
What is the "professional" antigen-presenting cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
B-cells
45
These cells are the most potent of the antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells
46
what are the classification of dendritic cells
myeloid-related dendritic cell
| lymphoid-related dendritic cell
47
It carries the image of the antigen that led to their formation and are responsible for effecting secondary immune responses
Memory T-cells
48
How many days does CD8 + T-cells proliferate
4 to 5 days
49
It inhibits or regulates the activity of B-cells and other T-cells to ensure immune response does not get out of hand
Suppressor T-cells
50
When the antigen is eradicated the antigenic specific cells are ALL eradicated. T/F
False (memory cells does not eradicate)
51
It is elicited by re-exposure to an antigen that has previously triggered a primary immune response
Secondary immune response
52
What is the induction phase of the secondary immune response
1 to 2 days
53
The secondary immune response is not very effective that the person exhibits drastic symptoms. T/F
F
54
It can cause this when there is an overwhelming reaction to an antigen
Allergic reactions that can lead to anaphylactic shock
55
When the effector cells attack the body's own tissues and cells
Autoimmune diseases
56
It refers to tissue where the parenchyma consists mainly of lymphocytes
Lymphoid tissue
57
It refers to organs that are primarily made up of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid organs
58
This organ is formed primarily by reticular fibers and cells
Thymus
59
What is the classification of lymphoid tissues and organs
Central lymphoid organs
| Peripheral lymphoid organs
60
What comprises the central lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
| Thymus
61
What cells comprises the central lymphoid organs
B stem cells
| T stem cells
62
What comprises the peripheral lymphoid organs
lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
63
What does the MALT include
tonsils and non encapsulated lymphoid tissues of the GI, respiratory, genitourinary tract
64
What does the lymphoid tissue exists in the body in the form of
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
| Nodular lymphoid tissue
65
It refers to lymphoid tissue where lymphocytes are evenly disperesed
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
66
Where is the diffuse lymphoid tissue prominent
lamina propia
| submucosa of the GI, respiratory, genitourinary tracts
67
What cells are in the diffuse lymphoid tissue
T-cells
68
Diffuse lymphoid tissue where the lymphocytes are relatively few and far apart is _____
loose lymphoid tissue
69
Diffuse lymphoid tissue where the lymphocytes are numerous and close to each other is ____
dense lymphoid tissue
70
It refers to lymphoid tissue where clustered lymphocytes form discrete ovoid masses or lumps ____
Lymphoid nodules
71
What cells are in the lymphoid nodules
B-cells
72
The lymphoid nodules does not appear after birth. T/F
F
73
In the lamina propia and submucosa the lymphoid nodules can occur ____ or _____________
Singly or in aggregates
74
In the ileum lymphoid nodules are termed as
Peyer's patches
75
What are the 2 types of nodules under the LM
Primary and secondary nodule
76
It is a nodule where the lymphocytes react to an antigen
Secondary nodule
77
What are the 2 regions of the secondary nodule
Germinal center/Reaction center
| Corona
78
It is a pale central area that is populated by mainly B-cells
Germinal center
79
It is the darker peripheral region
Corona
80
It is a nodule where lymphocytes are idle or resting
Primary nodule
81
This nodule does not have a germinal center
Primary nodule
82
It is derived from the third brachial pouch
Thymus
83
What is the task of the thymus
To transform T stem cells into mature competent self-tolerant, naive, T-cells
84
What cells occupy the thymus
T lymphocytes
85
What is the term used if the T-cell lineage is in the thymus
Thymocytes
86
This enclose the two lobes of the thymus; dense irregular CT
Capsule
87
It divides the lobes
Trabeculae
88
In LM preparation this has a dark-staining region
Cortex
89
In LM preparation this has a light-staining region
Medulla
90
What cells make up the stroma of the thymic lobules
Stellate cells (Epitheloid cells)
91
It resemble reticular cells but they arise from endoderm and do not produce reticular fibers
Epitheloid cells
92
These cells envelope young lymphocytes and promote proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes
Nurse cells (epitheloid cells)
93
These cells help in preventing autoimmunity by presenting self-antigens to enable the T-cells to recognize "self" antigens
Thymic interdigitating dendritic cells
94
How many % of cells leave the thymus
10 -30%
95
What is the most distinctive feature of the thymic medulla
Presence of thymic corpuscles (Hassall's bodies)
96
Structures that are composed of a core of hyaline material surrounded by layers of flattened epitheloid cells
Thymic corpuscles (Hassall's bodies)
97
Where does the bloody supply of thymus come from
Internal thoracic
Anterior intercostal
Inferior thyroid arteries
98
It is where the lymphocytes join circulating blood
Postcapillary venules of the medulla
99
It is the endothelial cells that line the capillaries that form a close relationship with epitheloid cells are called
Blood-thymus barrier
100
It is the barrier that prevents antigens that are carried by the capillaries from getting into contact with the developing T-cells
Blood-thymus barrier
101
What does the blood-thymus barrier consists
1. Endothelial cells
2. Epitheloid cells
3. Perivascular space
102
It separates the endothelium from the layer of epitheloid cells and contains macrophage and fluid
Perivascular space
103
The medulla of the thymus lacks blood-thymus barrier . T/F
T
104
The thymus has lymphatic vessels. T/F
F
105
It is a bean-shaped organ and is encapsulated by a collection of tissues
Lymph node
106
This cells phagocytose particulate matter and microorganisms from the lymph
Macrophages
107
It is the area where efferent lymphatic vessels leave and blood vessels enter and exit the organ
Hilus
108
It enters the lymph node on its convex surface
Afferent lymphatic vessels
109
A lymph node is enclosed by a
Capsule
110
The stroma of the lymph node is formed by
Reticular tissue
111
It is dendritic cells in B-cell rich areas
Follicular dendritic cells
112
These cells have a large pale nuclei and indistinct borders
Follicular dendritic cells
113
These cells are T-cell rich areas
Interdigitating dendritic cells
114
The medulla is made up of dense lymphoid tissue arranged to form strands called _____
Medullary cords
115
What type of cells are in the medullary cords
B-cells and plasma cells
116
It is the largest lymphoid organ in the body
Spleen
117
Externally the spleen is enveloped by
Peritoneum
118
This lines the spleen on its external surface
Mesothelium
119
The stroma of the spleen consists of
Reticular tisssue
120
It contains reddish brown substance in which small masses or islands of ovoid grayish white structures are scattered
Splenic pulp
121
This pulp consists of lymphoid nodules
White pulp
122
This pulp forms the greater part of the splenic parehchyma
Red pulp
123
Strands of reticular tissue
Splenic cords (of Billroth)
124
What supplies the spleen
Splenic Artery
125
It is the biggest branch of the celiac artery
Splenic artery
126
Tunica adventitia of the spleen is formed by dense lymphoid tissue known as this
Periarterial lymphoid sheath (PALS)
127
It is short and narrow artery
Sheathed artery (ellipsoid)
128
It is enveloping concentric layers of reticular cells
Sheath of Schweigger-Seidel
129
After the sinusoids where does the blood travel
Collecting veins
130
Where does the blood drain after the collecting vein
Trabecular veins
131
Does the lymph vessels in the spleen have no afferent lymph vessels but has efferent vessels that start in the capillaries. T/F
T
132
It refers to the enormous amt of lymphoid tissue that exists in the mucosa and submucosa of the GI, respiratory and genitourinary trancts
Muscosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
133
It is often associated with gastrointeestinal tract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
134
Associated with trachea and bronchi
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
135
Notable areas where aggregates of lymphoid nodules embedded in dense lymphoid tissue
Colon, vermiform appendix, ileum (peyer's patches), entrance of respiratory and digestive tracts
136
What cells does the MALT consists of
T-cell rich areas (diffuse lymphoid tissue) and B-cell rich areas (lymphoid nodules)
137
It is the ring of the tonsils
Waldeyer's ring
138
This consists of palatine tonsil, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsil
Tonsils
139
What tissue is tonsils made of
dense irregular CT
140
It is located in the lateral aspect one on each side of the oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
141
What kind of tissue is palatine tonsil
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epitheloum
142
Deep, sometimes branching, invaginations
Tonsilar crypts
143
It often contain dead epithelial cells, lymphocytes and other cells that have reached the surface by passive through the epithelium
Tonsilar crypts
144
It consists of several discrete masses located in the dorsum of the posterior tongue
Lingual tonsil
145
What kind of tissue is lingual tonsil
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
146
It occupies the central area of the posterior and superior walls of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
147
The pharyngeal tonsil is covered by respiratory epithelium which is a type of
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
| but also has Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in some areas
148
This tonsil sometimes become enlarged especially in young individuals that cause obstruction to breathing
Pharyngeal tonsil
149
When enlarged pharyngeal tonsil is referred to as
Adenoid
150
It is located in the nasopharynx near the openings of auditory tubes
Tubial tonsils
