Nervous Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
It is made up of closely packed cells that are separated by a very little amt of intercellular substance
A
Nervous tissue
2
Q
Where did the nervous tissue arise
A
Ectoderm
3
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system
A
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
4
Q
The nervous tissue in the CNS has CT. T/F
A
F (It has)
5
Q
What are the cells of the nervous tissue
A
Neurons (nerve cells) Supporting Cells (neuroglial/glial cells)
6
Q
It is the functional unit of the nervous tissue
A
Neurons
7
Q
It exhibits irritability and conductivity
A
Neurons
8
Q
It is characterized by the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the brain stem
A
Stellate Neurons
9
Q
They are present in the cerebral cortex
A
Pyramidal Neurons
10
Q
They are flask-shaped neurons
A
Purkinje cells
11
Q
It is the cell body of a neuron
A
Perikaryon or soma
12
Q
What are the process of neurons
A
Axon
Dendrites
13
Q
It is a terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of cell division
A
Neurons
14
Q
It is structurally the same as the cell membrane of other cell types
A
Neurolemma
15
Q
How many nucleus does the neurons usually have
A
1
16
Q
What is the shape of the nucleus of a neuron
A
Large, spherical or ovoid
17
Q
What are the organelles of neurons
A
ER, Golgi complex, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and centrosome
18
Q
It is abundant throughout the perikaryon and are also found in dendrites but absent in axon
A
Nissl bodies (rER)
19
Q
It is the area of the perikaryon where the axon originates
A
Axon hillock
20
Q
This organelle is present in all neurons but is confined in the perikaryon
A
Golgi complex
21
Q
An organelle is abundant in neurons and are generally smaller than those seen in other cell types; They can be mostly seen in the axon terminals
A
Mitochondria
22
Q
It is also abundant in neurons and come in handy in recycling proteins
A
Lysosome
23
Q
It an organelle that is consistently present in significant numbers; are smaller than other cells and prevent degeneration of the neuron
A
Peroxisomes
24
Q
It is an organelle is atypical since it does not contain centrioles but is the source of the microtubules that the cells need
A
Centrosome
25
It is the most common inclusion in perikaryon
Fat droplets
26
What fat droplets are common
lipochrome
| lipofuschin
27
What are the pigment granules present
melanin
| iron
28
Where can melanin granules be seen
Substantia nigra
Locus coeruleus
Spinal and sympathetic ganglia
29
Where can iron granules be seen
Globus pallidus
30
What comprises the cytoskeleton of neurons
Mircrofilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
31
What are the collection of fibrillar elements termed as
Neurofibrils
32
It is the intermediate filaments present in neurons
Neurofilaments
33
It is the term used to refer to microtubules in neurons
Neurotubules
34
Conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
35
It carries impulses towards the cell body
Dendrite
36
It is only one process, 1 axon is present; exists in embryonic life
Unipolar
37
It is a single process but bifurcates; examples are sensory neurons
Pseudo unipolar
38
It is a single dendrite that arise at opposite poles of the cell body
Bipolar
39
It is numerous dendrites present. Most neurons are of this type
Multipolar
40
It receives and transmits stimuli to the CNS
Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
41
It transmits impulses from the CNS to effector cells
Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
42
It conveys impulse from one neuron to another
Interneurons (association neurons)
43
It makes up majority of neurons in the nervous system
Interneurons
44
Dendrites contain ____ but they do not have ______
Nissl bodies; Golgi complex
45
It is the axon that arise from a conical elevation on the perikaryon
Axon Hillock
46
Cytoplasm in the axon
Axoplasm
47
Cell membrane in the axon
Axolemma
48
Where are the longest axons found
Sciatic nerve
49
Round swelling of axon
Boutons (terminals)
50
Ends of axon
Terminal Boutons
51
Along the axon branches
Bouton en passant
52
It is the term used when substances can move along the axon
Axonal transport
53
What are the transport of axon
Anterograde
| Rerograde
54
It involves movement of substances from the perikaryon to the axon terminals
Anterograde
55
It involves the transport of substances from the axon terminals to the perikaryon
Retrograde
56
Sheath of cells covering the axon
Neurilemmal Sheath
57
What is the term used for neurilemmal sheath in the PNS
Schwann sheath
58
It is the point of discontinuity between Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
59
Material that envelopes fresh specimen but black in tissues fixed with osmium tetroxide
Myelin
60
It is the structure that forms around the axon which lies internal to the schwann sheath
Myelin sheath
61
What are the 2 kinds of axon
Myelinated
| Unmyelinated
62
Point of separation of myelin sheath
Incisures
63
The CNS has Schwann cells. T/F
F
64
It is the counterpart of Schwann cells in the PNS
Oligodendrocytes
65
Myelin sheath + basal lamina
Nerve fiber
66
It is the envelope of a connective tissue
Endoneurium
67
It is the point of contact between a neuron and another neuron
Synapse
68
What are the types of synapse
Electrical
| Cheminal
69
It is the kind of synapse that occur rarely
Electrical synapse
70
What does the electrical synapse consists of
Gap junctions
71
It is more common than the other type of synapse
Chemical synapse
72
It is the transmission of nerve impulse by chemical substances
Neurotransmitters
73
It is the neuron that communicates the impulse synapse
Presynaptic neuron
74
It is the cell or neuron that receives the impulse
Postsynaptic cell
75
It is the part of the presynaptic neuron that participates in a synapse
Axon terminal
76
Membrane-bound vesicles
Synaptic vesicles
77
It is the term referred to as the presynaptic neuron that is thickened
Presynaptic membrane
78
Cell membrane of the postsynaptic membrane is thickened
Postsynaptic membrane
79
Gap between pre and postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
80
It protects neurons and aid in performing by creating and maintaining the appropriate environment where neurons can carry out their function
Neuroglial cells
81
These cells outnumber neurons
Neuroglial cells
82
What are the neuroglial cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
83
What are the neuroglial cells in the PNS
Schwann cells
| Satellite cells
84
What is the term used collectively for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Macroglia
85
Where does neuroglial cells arise from
Ectoderm
86
Where does the microglia arise from
Mesoderm
87
This cells have the capacity to divide by mitosis
Neuroglial cells
88
It is the largest and most abundant neuroglial cells
Astrocytes
89
What are the distinction of astrocytes
Protoplasmic
| Fibrous
90
These astrocytes have abundant cytoplasm and nucleus is bigger and paler
Proptoplasmic astrocytes
91
These astrocytes have longer more slender processes and are located in the white mater
Fibrous astrocytes
92
It is smaller and have fewer and shorter processes than astrocytes; located in white matter of CNS
Oligodendrocytes
93
It is smaller than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and distributes althroughout the CNS
Microglia
94
These cells are phagocytes that remove cellular debris from sites of injury or normal cell turnover
Microglia
95
These are cuboidal cells that possess short cilia and microvilli
Ependymal cells
96
Cells that are long that extend into the hypothalamus
Tanycytes
97
What kind of tissue is the ependymal cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium
98
It is the form of neurilemmal and myelin sheaths of the peripheral ners
Schwann cells
99
These cells are small flattened cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons that are in ganglia. In PNS counterparts are astrocytes
Satellite cells
100
Transmission of stimuli
Nerve impulses
101
It refers to the large mass of nervous tissue in the cranial cavity and vertebral canal; brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
102
It refers to all other nervous tissue in the body
Peripheral Nervous System
103
This system has no CT stroma it comprises the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
104
It covers the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
105
What are the layers of the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
106
The outermost layer of meninges; made up of dense collagenous CT
Dura mater
107
It is the innermost membrane of the meninges
Pia mater
108
It is the middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid membrane
109
A single entry
Pia-arachnoid
110
Outer surface of the meninges
Periosteal dura
111
It is the space occupied by fat and venous plexuses
Epidural space
112
Inner surface of dura mater that is lined by a simple squamous epithelium
Meningeal dura
113
Membrane bw the meningeal dura and the arachnoid membrane
Subdural space
114
It is a flat sheet-like membran that is thinner than the dura matter
Arachnoid membrane
115
It is a thin but highly vascular loose CT that closely adheres to the substance of the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
116
It contains the cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
117
It is a clear slightly viscous fluid that circulates within the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
118
What is the total normal amt of CSF
80 - 150 ml
119
What is the specific gravity of CSF
1.004 - 1.008
120
How much CSF is produced daily
500ml
121
What drains the venous side of circulation of CSF
Arachnoid villi
122
It is the chief sources of CSF
Choroid plexuses
123
The ependyma of the choroid plexuses acts as...
Blood-CSF barrier
124
What are the 2 areas of the CNS based on gross coloration
Gray matter
| White matter
125
It contains the cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of the axons of the neurons that populate the CNS and neuroglial cells
Gray matter
126
It does not contain nerve cell bodies but it includes neuroglial cells in the region
White matter
127
It occupies the peripheral area of the brain
Gray matter
128
It occupies the central area of the brain
White matter
129
Regions of cell bodies not forming distinct nuclei
Nuclear areas
130
Origin that bundles together
Tract
131
Tracts that are flattened
Lemniscci
132
Rounded or thick tracts
Funiculi
133
In CNS neurons have long axons that leave either the CNS or gray matter and terminate at some distance in another part of the gray matter are termed
Golgi Type I neurons
134
Neurons that have relatively short axons that do not leave the region of gray matter
Golgi type II neurons
135
The nervous tissue in this system is organized in a way that nerve cell bodies are bound to a CT
Peripheral Nervous System
136
Bound CT in the PNS
Ganglia
137
It receives and relays all nerve impulses originating from stimuli from both or within or external to the body to the CNS
PNS
138
It is a collection of cell bodies of neurons that have a common function in the PNS
Ganglia
139
In the ganglion each neuron is surrounded by supporting cells ____
Satellite cells
140
_____ are PNS counterparts of tracts in the CNS
Nerves
141
Nerves whose cell bodies are in the brain
Cranial nerves
142
Nerves whose cell bodies are on the spinal cord
Spinal Nerves
143
How many cranial nerves are there
12 pairs
144
How many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
145
This cranial nerve is not really a nerve bc it does not leave the brain it is actually a tract
CN II (optic nerve)
146
What are the large nerves
Ulnar nerve, sciatic nerve
147
It contains anons of sensory neurons
Afferent nerve fibres
148
It contains motor neurons that orders muscles to contact and glands to secrete
Efferent neurons
149
It is the termination of nerves in the epithelia, connective, and muscle tissue
Nerve endings
150
Terminations of afferent nerves
Sensory (afferent) nerve endings
151
Terminations of efferent nerves
Motor (efferent) nerve endings
152
It collects stimuli and disperses all over the body
Sensory nerve endings
153
It is merely the naked termination of axons of afferent nerves
Simple nerve endings
154
Sensory neurons are _____ whose cell bodies are in the _______
Pseudounipolar neurons; Craniospinal ganglia
155
Expanded-tip endings are exemplified by
Merkel discs
156
This disc is sensitive to touch and pressure
Merkel discs
157
It is made up of naked axon terminal enclosed by a lamellated CT capsule
Encapsulated nerve endings
158
It is a small, spindle-shaped structure seen in the dermis of the skin, tendons, ligaments
Ruffini's corpuscle
159
It is found in the conjuctiva of the mucous membrane of the lips, dermis, glans penis, and clitoris
End bulbs of Krause
160
It is the largest sensory nerve endings
Vater-Pacinian corpuscle
161
It is seen in the dermis of the skin of fingers, toes, palms and soles
Meissner's corpuscle
162
It is responsible for transmitting the stimulus that commands muscle fibers to contract and glandular cells to secrete
Motor Nerve Endings
163
Skeletal muscle fibers innervate form specialized junctions
Motor endplates
164
This system includes muscle, skin and sense organs
Somatic nervous system
165
This system includes visceral organs
Autonomic nervous system
166
It is responsible for the reception of sensory stimuli from the external environment
Somatic afferent (sensory) neurons
167
It innervates the skeletal muscles responsible for voluntary movements of the body
Somatic efferent (motor) neurons
168
It contains the visceral efferent (motor) neurons, visceral afferent (visceral sensory; autonomic afferent) neurons
Autonomic nervous system
169
It controls the activity of the cardiac and smooth muscles and glands
Visceral efferent neurons
170
Where is the first visceral efferent neuron (preganglionic neuron found)
CNS
171
Where is the second visceral efferent neuron (postganglionic neuron)
Autonomic ganglion
172
What are the branches of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic (craniosacral)
Enteric
173
It responds to impending danger or stress
| Fight or flight situation
Sympathetic Division
174
It is called upon during resting and relaxing situations
Parasympathetic Division
175
It is responsible for regulating the activities of the digestive tract
Enteric Division
