Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

(135 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

A

An acute viral and extremely contagious disease of cloven footed animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and antelope characterized by vesicles and erosions in various parts of the body.

FMD strains include A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and ASIA-1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main transmission routes for FMD?

A

Direct and indirect contact with infected animals and their secretions, aerosol droplet dispersion, infected animal by-products, swill, and fomites.

FMD can spread through saliva, blood, urine, feces, milk, and semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the antemortem findings for FMD?

A
  • Incubation: 1 - 5 days or longer
  • Morbidity: Nearly 100%
  • Mortality: Variable, 50% in young animals, 5% in adults
  • Fever up to 41°C
  • Dullness
  • Lack of appetite
  • Drastic drop in milk production
  • Uneasiness and muscle tremors
  • Vesicle formation
  • Extensive salivation and drooling
  • Shaking of feet and lameness

Vesicles commonly found on the muzzle, tongue, oral cavity, teat, and skin between hooves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the postmortem findings in FMD?

A
  • Necrosis of heart muscle (tiger heart)
  • Ulcerative lesions on tongue, palate, gums, pillars of the rumen, and feet.

Postmortem findings can vary based on the strain and severity of the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the judgement for carcasses in FMD free zones?

A

Diseased or suspect animals are prohibited from being admitted to an abattoir or slaughtered.

If FMD is suspected, the carcass and viscera are condemned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Rinderpest (RP)?

A

An acute, highly contagious, fatal viral disease of cattle, buffalo, and wild ruminants with symptoms including inflammation, hemorrhage, erosions of the digestive tract, and bloody diarrhea.

Rinderpest virus is not transmissible to humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the transmission methods for Rinderpest?

A

Direct contact with infected animals or their excretions and secretions, and fomites.

The virus can be present in blood and secretions prior to clinical signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the antemortem findings for Rinderpest?

A
  • Incubation: 3 - 10 days or longer
  • Morbidity: Up to 100%
  • Mortality: 50% to 90-95%
  • High fever (41-42°C)
  • Nasal discharge and excessive salivation
  • Punched out erosions in the mouth
  • Loss of appetite and depression
  • Constipation followed by bloody diarrhea
  • Dehydration and rough hair coat
  • Marked debility
  • Abortion

The disease can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the postmortem findings in Rinderpest?

A
  • Punched out erosions in the esophagus
  • Edema or emphysema of the lungs
  • Hemorrhage in spleen, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
  • Hemorrhagic or ulcerative lesions in the omasum
  • Severe congestion and hemorrhage in the intestine
  • Necrotic Peyer’s patches
  • Emaciated carcass

These findings are indicative of advanced disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Vesicular Stomatitis (VS)?

A

A viral disease of ruminants, horses, and swine characterized by vesicular lesions of the mouth, feet, and teats.

VS virus has two serotypes: Indiana and New Jersey.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the transmission routes for Vesicular Stomatitis?

A

Contamination of abrasions with saliva or lesion material, ingestion of contaminated pasture, and mechanical transmission by biting arthropods.

The virus can be isolated from various insect vectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the antemortem findings for Vesicular Stomatitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Mouth lesions in cattle and horses
  • Marked weight loss and cessation of lactation in dairy cows
  • Chewing movements and profuse salivation
  • Refusal of food but acceptance of water
  • Lameness

Foot lesions occur in about 50% of cases in cattle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)?

A

An acute viral disease characterized by inflammation of mucous membranes, nasal discharge, and enlargement of lymph nodes.

MCF is not communicable to humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the transmission methods for Malignant Catarrhal Fever?

A

Close contact between cattle and wildebeest or sheep.

In European MCF, cattle are infected from sheep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the antemortem findings for Malignant Catarrhal Fever?

A
  • Incubation: 9 - 44 days
  • Increased temperature
  • Bilateral ocular and nasal discharges
  • Dyspnea and cyanosis
  • Loss of appetite
  • Erosions on lips, tongue, gums
  • Enlarged body lymph nodes

Symptoms can include severe ocular and nasal symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Rabies?

A

An acute infectious viral disease of the central nervous system in mammals, typically transmitted through saliva via bites from rabid animals.

The most common carriers are dogs and jackals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the antemortem findings for Rabies?

A
  • Furious form: restlessness, aggression, bellowing, paralysis
  • Paralytic form: sagging hind quarters, drooling, paralysis

Incubation can range from 2 weeks to 6 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Lumpy Skin Disease?

A

An acute pox viral disease of cattle characterized by sudden appearance of nodules on the skin.

It is transmitted by insect vectors and can occur through direct and indirect transmission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is lumpy skin disease?

A

An acute pox viral disease of cattle characterized by sudden appearance of nodules on the skin.

Transmission occurs via insect vectors through direct and indirect means.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the incubation and antemortem findings for lumpy skin disease?

A

Incubation: 4 - 14 days; findings include fluctuating fever, diarrhea, nasal discharge, salivation, and cutaneous nodules.

First lesions appear in the perineum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What postmortem findings are associated with lumpy skin disease?

A

Ulcerative lesions in mucosa, reddish to whitish lesions in lungs, edema, and thrombosis of skin vessels.

Skin lesions may show scab formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the judgment for carcasses of animals with mild cutaneous lesions and no fever?

A

Conditionally approved pending heat treatment; affected parts condemned.

Generalized acute infection with fever leads to condemnation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for lumpy skin disease?

A
  • Allergies
  • Screw-worm myiasis
  • Urticaria
  • Dermatophilosis
  • Bovine herpes dermophatic infection
  • Vesicular disease
  • Bovine ephemeral fever
  • Besnoitiosis
  • Bovine farcy
  • Skin form of sporadic bovine lymphomatosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is bovine herpes dermophatic disease (BHD)?

A

A herpes virus infection of cattle and sometimes sheep and goats characterized by cutaneous lesions and fever.

Transmission occurs via biting insects and mechanical milking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the incubation and morbidity rates for BHD?
Incubation: 3 - 7 days; high morbidity in primary infections. ## Footnote Symptoms include fever and round cutaneous nodules.
26
What postmortem findings are associated with BHD?
Ulcerative lesions of the teats and udder, erosions between digits, and intranuclear inclusions in skin. ## Footnote Carcasses affected by BHD are disposed similarly to those affected by lumpy skin disease.
27
What is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
A highly infectious viral respiratory disease of cattle, goats, and pigs, characterized by inflammation of respiratory passages and genital lesions. ## Footnote Four forms recognized: respiratory, genital, enteric, and encephalitic.
28
What are the antemortem findings for the respiratory form of IBR?
Incubation: 5 - 14 days; findings include fever, nasal discharge, mouth breathing, and salivation. ## Footnote Secondary bronchopneumonia and abortion may occur.
29
What are the postmortem findings for IBR?
Acute inflammation of larynx, trachea, and bronchi; fibrino-purulent exudate in upper respiratory tract; chronic ulcerative gastro-enteritis. ## Footnote Lung emphysema and secondary bronchopneumonia may be present.
30
What is bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)?
An infectious viral disease of cattle manifested by erosive stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. ## Footnote Transmission occurs via direct contact with infected animals or contaminated feed.
31
What are the key antemortem findings for BVD?
Incubation: 1 - 3 days; findings include fever, oral erosions, depression, and foul-smelling diarrhea. ## Footnote Abortion and congenital anomalies may occur in young calves.
32
What are the postmortem findings for BVD?
Shallow erosions in mucous membranes, erythema and hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebral hypoplasia in calves. ## Footnote Stripped appearance of intestinal mucosa resembles rinderpest.
33
What is bovine leukosis?
A persistent and malignant viral disease of the lymphoreticular system observed in all breeds and both sexes. ## Footnote It has sporadic and enzootic forms.
34
What are the transmission routes for bovine leukosis?
* Infected blood * Vertical transmission from dam to calf * Colostrum or milk * Insect transmission ## Footnote Higher infection rates noted in summer.
35
What are the antemortem findings for bovine leukosis?
* Labored breathing * Persistent diarrhea * Enlarged lymph nodes * Paralysis of hind legs * Debilitation ## Footnote Edema may occur in the brisket and intermandibular region.
36
What are the postmortem findings for bovine leukosis?
* Lymph node enlargement * Splenomegaly * Neoplastic lesions in various organs ## Footnote Carcasses affected by leukosis are condemned.
37
What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)?
A progressive and fatal disease of adult cattle characterized by central nervous system degeneration. ## Footnote Associated with prions, which are unusual transmissible agents.
38
What are the antemortem findings for BSE?
Incubation: 2 - 8 years; findings include weight loss, behavioral changes, and neurological signs. ## Footnote Diagnosis confirmed postmortem through histological examination of brain tissue.
39
What are the judgments for carcasses of animals with BSE?
Condemned. ## Footnote Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated protein feed.
40
What is heartwater?
An acute, non-contagious disease caused by Cowdria ruminantium affecting ruminants. ## Footnote Also known as 'black dung' in cattle and 'sheep fever' in sheep.
41
What are the antemortem findings for heartwater?
* Fever * Diarrhea * Nervous signs ## Footnote Symptoms include convulsions and death in acute cases.
42
What are the postmortem findings for heartwater?
* Hydropericardium * Pulmonary edema * Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis ## Footnote Affected organs are condemned.
43
What is Q fever?
A disease caused by Coxiella burnetii affecting various mammals and humans. ## Footnote It is also known as Queensland fever or American Q fever.
44
What is Q fever?
A disease caused by Coxiella burnetii affecting cattle, sheep, goats, and humans ## Footnote Known as Queensland fever, Nine mile fever, American Q fever, Australian Q fever
45
How is Q fever transmitted?
Through ticks, inhalation of contaminated dust, and contact with infected animal secretions ## Footnote Healthy animals may shed the organism in milk, urine, faeces, and placenta
46
What are common clinical signs of Q fever in cattle?
* Acute mastitis * Loss of appetite * Depression * Serous nasal discharge * Difficult breathing * Atony of the rumen * Abortion in pregnant cows
47
What is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?
An acute, subacute, or chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides var. mycoides
48
What are key antemortem findings in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?
* Fever * Depression * Lack of appetite * Coughing * Shallow rapid respiration * Extended neck * Open mouth breathing
49
What are postmortem findings of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?
* Fibrinous inflammation of the pleura * Straw coloured fluid in the thorax * Lobar pneumonia * Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes
50
What causes black quarter (black leg) disease?
Caused by Clostridium chauvoei
51
How is black quarter transmitted?
Through soil contamination during grazing and via wounds in sheep ## Footnote Clostridium chauvoei is also found in the digestive tract of healthy animals
52
What are common antemortem findings in black quarter?
* High fever * Lameness * Loss of appetite * Discoloured skin * Crepitating swellings
53
What is botulism?
A disease caused by various strains of Clostridium botulinum, resulting in progressive muscular paralysis
54
What are the transmission sources of botulism?
Decomposed flesh and bones ## Footnote Incubation period can vary from 12 hours to 14 days
55
What are key antemortem findings in botulism?
* Restlessness * Knuckling * Paralysed tongue * Progressive muscular paralysis
56
What is malignant edema?
A bacterial disease caused by Clostridium septicum characterized by wound infections
57
What are antemortem findings in malignant edema?
* Fever * Depression * Muscle tremor * Soft swelling around infection site
58
What is tuberculosis in animals?
A chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium characterized by the development of tubercles
59
How is tuberculosis transmitted?
Through inhalation of infected air and ingestion of contaminated milk ## Footnote Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent in bovine tuberculosis
60
What are clinical signs of tuberculosis in animals?
* Low grade fever * Chronic cough * Difficulty breathing * Emaciation * Swelling of lymph nodes
61
What is Johne's disease?
A chronic infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
62
How is Johne's disease transmitted?
Through ingestion of faeces containing Mycobacterium paratuberculosis ## Footnote Carrier animals are significant sources of infection
63
What are the major symptoms of Johne's disease?
* Thickening of the intestinal wall * Gradual weight loss * Chronic diarrhea
64
What disease is characterized by thickening and corrugation of the intestinal wall in ruminants?
Johne's disease ## Footnote Caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
65
How is Johne's disease transmitted?
Ingestion of faeces harbouring Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
66
What are the key antemortem findings in Johne's disease?
* Gradual weight loss * Chronic diarrhoea * Rough hair coat * Submandibular edema * Reduced milk production
67
What is the incubation period for Johne's disease?
2 - 3 years, ranging from 6 months to 15 years.
68
What are the postmortem findings in Johne's disease?
* Thickened intestinal mucosa * Enlarged caecal lymph nodes
69
What is the judgement for carcasses affected by Johne's disease?
Approved when systemic signs are absent; condemned if edema and emaciation are present.
70
What disease is caused by Leptospira spp. in cattle?
Leptospirosis.
71
How is Leptospirosis transmitted?
By consuming contaminated urine, water, or direct contact with infected materials.
72
What are the acute antemortem findings in Leptospirosis?
* Transient fever * Loss of appetite * Mastitis * Jaundice * Abortion
73
What postmortem findings are associated with Leptospirosis?
* Anaemia * Interstitial nephritis * Haemorrhages in the abomasal mucosa
74
What is the judgement for carcasses affected by Leptospirosis?
Condemned in acute cases; chronic localized cases may be approved.
75
What is Brucellosis also known as?
Contagious abortion or Bang's disease.
76
What bacteria causes Brucellosis in cattle?
Brucella abortus.
77
How is Brucellosis transmitted?
Through contaminated feed, water, milk, and aborted fetuses.
78
What are the key findings in cattle with Brucellosis?
* Abortion in late pregnancy * Inflammation of testes * Edematous placenta * Hygromas on knees
79
What is the judgement for carcasses affected by Brucellosis?
Approved after removal of affected parts; condemned in acute abortive form.
80
What disease is characterized by septicemia and sudden death in ruminants?
Anthrax.
81
What is the causative agent of Anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis.
82
How is Anthrax transmitted to humans?
By inhalation, ingestion, or through skin wounds.
83
What are the postmortem findings in Anthrax?
* Dark-tarry blood discharge * Absence of rigor mortis * Enlarged spleen * Severe haemorrhagic enteritis
84
What is the judgement for carcasses affected by Anthrax?
Condemnation and destruction by burning or deep burial.
85
What is Salmonellosis characterized by in animals?
Peracute septicemic form, acute enteritis, or chronic enteritis.
86
Which serotypes of Salmonella frequently cause disease in cattle?
* S. typhimurium * S. dublin * S. muenster * S. newport
87
What is the primary transmission route for Salmonellosis?
Ingestion of contaminated feed or water.
88
What are the antemortem findings for the peracute septicemic form of Salmonellosis?
* Increased temperature * Depression * Diarrhoea * Death within 24-48 hours
89
What are postmortem findings associated with acute enteritis in Salmonellosis?
* Mucoenteritis * Diffuse haemorrhagic enteritis * Severe necrotic enteritis
90
What is the primary symptom of emaciation related to Salmonellosis?
Reduced milk production and abortion ## Footnote Emaciation is often accompanied by dehydration.
91
What are the postmortem findings associated with the septicemic form of Salmonellosis?
* Absence of gross lesions in animals * Submucosal and subserosal haemorrhage * Severe necrotic enteritis of ileum and large intestine * Enlarged, edematous and haemorrhagic lymph nodes * Thickened inflamed gall bladder wall * Fatty change of the enlarged liver * Subserous and epicardial haemorrhage
92
What are the clinical signs of chronic enteritis due to Salmonella?
* Further emaciation * Diarrhoea * Dehydration * Fluctuating fever (35.5°C- 40.0°C)
93
What is the judgement for a carcass affected with Salmonellosis?
Condemned
94
What are the differential diagnoses for acute diarrhoea in calves?
* Rotavirus * Corona virus * Cryptosporidiosis * E. coli * Septicemia * Dietetic gastroenteritis * Coccidiosis * Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxaemia
95
What causes haemorrhagic septicemia in cattle?
Pasteurella multocida type B of Carter
96
What are the transmission routes for haemorrhagic septicemia?
By ingestion of contaminated feedstuff
97
What are the antemortem findings for haemorrhagic septicemia?
* High fever up to 42°C * Salivation * Difficulties in swallowing * Cough * Edematous swelling of throat, dewlap, brisket and peritoneum
98
What are the postmortem findings associated with haemorrhagic septicemia?
* Subcutaneous swellings with yellowish gelatinous fluid * Enlarged haemorrhagic lymph nodes * Haemorrhage in the organs * Petechial haemorrhage in serous membranes
99
What is calf diphtheria caused by?
Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) necrophorum
100
What are the contributing factors for calf diphtheria?
* Abrasions in the oral mucosa * Poor nutrition * Other intercurrent diseases in young calves
101
What are the postmortem findings for calf diphtheria?
* Inflammation and ulceration with yellow-grey material in the mouth * Often aspiration pneumonia
102
What is actinobacillosis and its causative agent?
Chronic disease caused by Actinobacillus lignieresi
103
What are the antemortem findings of actinobacillosis?
* Loss of appetite * Salivation * Swollen tongue * Mouth erosions
104
What are the postmortem findings for actinobacillosis?
* Enlarged tongue with tough fibrous consistency * Granulomatous lesions in lymph nodes * Thickening of the oesophagus and stomach wall
105
What is actinomycosis commonly known as?
Lumpy Jaw
106
What causes actinomycosis?
Actinomyces bovis
107
What are the antemortem findings for actinomycosis?
* Painful swelling of maxilla and mandible * Suppurative tracts in granulation tissue * Ulceration of cheeks and gums
108
What are the postmortem findings for actinomycosis?
* Granulomatous lesions in mandible or maxilla * Local peritonitis * Mild abomasitis and enteritis
109
What is the causative agent of pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium renale
110
What are the antemortem findings associated with pyelonephritis?
* Increased temperature * Loss of appetite * Painful urination * Acute abdominal pain
111
What are the postmortem findings for pyelonephritis?
* Enlarged pale kidneys * Purulent lesions in kidney and ureters * Inflammation of kidney
112
What is metritis?
Inflammation of the uterus
113
What are the antemortem findings for metritis?
* High fever * Muscular weakness * Reddish fetid discharge from vulva
114
What are the postmortem findings for metritis?
* Enlarged flaccid uterus * Foul-smelling uterine exudate * Enlarged uterus containing purulent exudate
115
What is mastitis?
Inflammation of the udder
116
What are the antemortem findings for mastitis?
* Swollen painful udder * Depression * Purulent or bloody exudate from teats
117
What are the postmortem findings for mastitis?
* Pale yellow granular appearance of udder parenchyma * Light brown edematous udder parenchyma
118
What is endocarditis?
Inflammation of the endocardium of the heart
119
What are the common organisms associated with endocarditis in cattle?
* Actinomyces pyogenes * Streptococcus spp. * Escherichia coli
120
What are the antemortem findings for endocarditis?
* Moderate fever * Breathing with grunt * Loss of condition
121
What are the postmortem findings for endocarditis?
* Large cauliflower-like lesions in the endocardium * Small wart-like lesions in the endocardium
122
What can emboli brought from the left heart to the spleen and kidneys cause?
Septic or aseptic infarcts in these organs ## Footnote Abscesses in the heart may also be observed.
123
What are the antemortem findings of an animal with endocarditis?
* Moderate fever * Breathing with accompanied grunt * Pallor of mucosae * Loss of condition and muscle weakness * Temporary fall in milk production in lactating animals * Jaundice and death
124
What are the postmortem findings associated with endocarditis?
* Large cauliflower-like lesions in the endocardium * Small wart-like and verrucose lesions in the endocardium * Embolic lesions in other organs including lungs, spleen, kidneys
125
Under what condition is the carcass of an animal with verrucose endocarditis condemned?
If it is associated with lesions in lungs, liver, or kidneys.
126
What may be approved after heat treatment in cases of endocarditis?
Carcass affected with ulcerative or verrucose endocarditis with no signs of systemic changes and negative bacteriological result.
127
What are the differential diagnoses for endocarditis?
* Pneumonia * Pericarditis * Pulmonary edema * Emphysema * Pleuritis * Lymphoma * High altitude disease * Congenital heart disease * Congenital valvular heart cysts or deformities especially in calves
128
What causes Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP)?
Perforation of the reticulum by a metallic foreign body.
129
What are the antemortem findings for TRP?
* Sudden drop in milk production * Depression, loss of appetite and weight loss * Stretched head and neck * Reluctance to walk, arched back and tucked up abdomen * Scant, hard faeces, rarely covered with mucus * Mild rumen bloat * Audible 'grunt' in early stages
130
What symptoms indicate mild septicemia in an animal with TRP?
* Elevated temperature (39.2 °C - 40 °C) * Increased heart rate
131
What are the postmortem findings associated with TRP?
* Adhesions of rumen, reticulum and peritoneum * Abscessation * Acute or chronic peritonitis * Splenic abscessation * Traumatic pericarditis * Metallic objects in the reticulum * Lung abscessation or pneumonia * Septic pleuritis * Edema of the chest
132
What conditions lead to condemnation of the carcass in cases of TRP?
* Acute diffuse peritonitis or acute infectious pericarditis associated with septicemia * Traumatic pericarditis associated with fever, large accumulation of exudate, circulatory disturbances, degenerative changes in organs, or abnormal odour * Chronic traumatic reticulo-peritonitis and/or purulent pericarditis with associated pleuritis, abscessation and edema of the chest
133
What may lead to a favorable judgement of the carcass in cases of TRP?
Chronic adhesive localized peritonitis and chronic pericarditis without systemic changes in well-nourished animals.
134
What can conditionally approve a carcass affected with infectious exudative pericarditis in a subacute stage?
Pending heat treatment if bacteriological and antibiotic residue findings are negative.
135
What are the differential diagnoses for TRP?
* Uterine or vaginal trauma * Abomasal ulceration with perforation * Liver abscessation * Pyelonephritis * Ketosis * Abomasal displacement and volvulus * 'Grain overload'

Pathology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions