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MTAP 2 > CC2 > Flashcards

CC2 Flashcards

1
Q

aka lipids

A

fats

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2
Q

Lipid composition

A

mostly carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds

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3
Q

Lipids are insoluble to:

A

blood (thus, requires transporter)

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4
Q

Lipids are soluble to:

A

organic solvents

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5
Q

Lipid transporter

A

Lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

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6
Q

Lipid classifications

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Triglycerides
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Phospholipids
  5. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
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7
Q

Lipid functions

A
  1. Primary source of fuel for cells
  2. Provides cell membrane stability
  3. Allows transmembrane transport
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8
Q

Linear chains of C-H bonds that terminates with -COOH (carboxyl grp)

A

Fatty Acids

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9
Q

Mostly found as constituent of phospholipids or TAG

A

Fatty Acids

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10
Q

Mainly derived from TAG hydrolysis in the adipose tissue

A

Fatty Acids

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11
Q

Important source of fuel/energy for cells

A

Fatty Acids

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12
Q

Provides a substance for lipid → glucose conversion (gluconeogenesis)

A

Fatty Acids

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13
Q

FA composition

A

Linear chains of C-H bonds that terminates with -COOH (carboxyl grp)

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14
Q

FA are mostly found as constituent of

A

phospholipids or TAG

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15
Q

FA is derived from

A

TAG hydrolysis in the adipose tissue

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16
Q

FA 3 classifications

A

BASED ON:
Presence of ester bonds
Length/no.
No. of double bonds

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17
Q

FA classification based on presence of ester bonds

A

Unesterified
Esterified

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18
Q

FA classification based on length/no.

A

Short
Medium
Long

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19
Q

FA classification based on no. of double bonds

A

Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated

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20
Q

Bound to albumin in the plasma

A

Unesterified fatty acids

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21
Q

Constituent of TAG or phospholipids

A

Esterified fatty acids

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22
Q

Length/no. of short fatty acids

A

4-6

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23
Q

Length/no. of medium fatty acids

A

8-12

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24
Q

Length/no. of long fatty acids

A

> 12

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25
Q

Fatty acid with no double bonds

A

Saturated

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26
Q

Fatty acid with 1 double bond

A

Monounsaturated

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27
Q

Fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

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28
Q

Examples of saturated fatty acids

A

Butyric acid
Stearic acid
Palmitic acid

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29
Q

Example of monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Oleic acid

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30
Q

Examples of polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Linoleic acid
Arachidonic acid

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31
Q

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

A

Triglyceride

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32
Q

aka Triglyceride

A

Triacylglycerol,
Neutral fat

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33
Q

Contain saturated FA or unsaturated FA

A

Triglyceride

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34
Q

Hydrophobic, water insoluble: No charged or hydrophilic groups

A

Triglyceride

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35
Q

Predominant TAG form in plasma

A

Glyceryl ester

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36
Q

Main storage form of lipid in man

A

TAG

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37
Q

95% of storage fat; present in adipose tissue

A

TAG

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38
Q

Provide excellent insulation

A

TAG

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39
Q

TAG composition

A

3 fatty acids (saturated or unsaturated) + 1 glycerol

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40
Q

TAG hydrolysis

A

3 FA are released to the cells → FA is converted to energy

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41
Q

These 3 facilitates TAG hydrolysis:

A
  • Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
  • Epinephrine
  • Cortisol
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42
Q

2 fatty acids + glycerol

A

Phospholipids

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43
Q

aka Phospholipids

A

Conjugated lipid

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44
Q

3rd position of phospholipid structure

A

phospholipid head groups (PHOSPHORYLATION)

Formed from conjugation of 2 FA and phosphorylated glycerol

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45
Q

Amphipathic: hydrophilic (outer) and hydrophobic (inner) head groups

A

Phospholipids

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46
Q

Most abundant lipid in the body

A

Phospholipids

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47
Q

derived from phosphatidic acid

A

Phospholipids

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48
Q

Site of origin of phospholipids

A

liver
intestine

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49
Q

Lipid NOT routinely measured in the lab (low dx value)

A

Phospholipids

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50
Q

Participates in cell metabolism and blood coagulation

A

Phospholipids

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51
Q

Significant lipid in Amniotic fluid measurement

A

Phospholipids

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52
Q

Act as surfactants (alter fluid surface tension) during pregnancy

A

Phospholipids

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53
Q

Determines fetal lung maturity during 3rd trimester

A

Sphingomyelin / lecithin ratio

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54
Q

3 FORMS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)
Sphingomyelin
Cephalin

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55
Q

% IN TOTAL BODY PHOSPHOLIPID OF LECITHIN (PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE)

A

70% (highest)

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56
Q

% IN TOTAL BODY PHOSPHOLIPID OF SPHINGOMYELIN

A

20%

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57
Q

% IN TOTAL BODY PHOSPHOLIPID OF CEPHALIN

A

10% (lowest)

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58
Q

Other examples of phospholipids

A

Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

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59
Q

Unsaturated steroid alcohol contains 4 rings, component of steroids

A

Cholesterol

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60
Q

Phospholipid composition

A

2 fatty acids + glycerol
3rd position: phospholipid head groups

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61
Q

Single C-H side chain tail, similar to FA

A

Cholesterol

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62
Q

aka Cholesterol

A

3-hydroxy-5,6-cholestene

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63
Q

T/F
Cholesterol is amphipathic

A

T

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64
Q

Precursor for the assembly of cell membrane and bile acids

A

Cholesterol

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65
Q

NOT metabolized by most cells (not a fuel source)

A

Cholesterol

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66
Q

What happens to unmetabolized cholesterol?

A

recycled back to the liver

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67
Q

Cholesterol is converted to:

A

Bile salts
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D (Ca absorption) and cell membrane

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68
Q

Production of bile salts

A

liver

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69
Q

Storage of bile salts

A

gallbladder

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70
Q

Promote fat absorption in the intestine

A

Bile salts

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71
Q

Examples of steroid hormones from conversion of cholesterol

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoid
estrogen

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72
Q

Cholesterol classification

A

Unesterified (Free cholesterol)
Esterified (Cholesterol ester)

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73
Q

Unesterified type of cholesterol

A

Free cholesterol
(amphipathic)

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74
Q

Esterified type of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol ester
(neutral lipid)

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75
Q

% in total chole of Free cholesterol

A

30%

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76
Q

% in total chole of Cholesterol ester

A

70%

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77
Q

Location of Free cholesterol

A

Plasma,
Serum,
RBC

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78
Q

Location of Cholesterol ester

A

Plasma,
Serum

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79
Q

Polar form (hydrophilic) cholesterol

A

Free cholesterol (unesterified)

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80
Q

Nonpolar form (hydrophobic) cholesterol

A

Cholesterol ester

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81
Q

T/F

Cholesterol types are measured individually in the laboratory.

A

F
Both are measured in the laboratory as TOTAL CHOLESTEROL

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82
Q

Enzyme for esterification

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

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83
Q

T/F

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) is not normally present

A

F
Normally present

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84
Q

Site of synthesis of LCAT

A

Liver

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85
Q

Promotes FA transfer from lecithin to chole →
products: lysolecithin + cholesterol esters

A

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

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86
Q

Activator of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

A

Apo A1

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87
Q

Products when LCAT promotes FA transfer from lecithin to chole

A

lysolecithin + cholesterol esters

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88
Q

Used to transport lipids

A

LIPOPROTEIN

89
Q

Composed of both lipids and proteins

A

LIPOPROTEIN

90
Q

Protein part of LPP

A

apolipoprotein

91
Q

T/F

In lipoproteins, density depends on the protein constituent

A

T

92
Q

APOLIPOPROTEIN FUNCTIONS

A

✓ Maintain structural integrity
✓ Ligands for cell receptor
✓ Activators and inhibitors of enzymes

93
Q

T/F
Apolipoproteins are amphipathic

A

T

94
Q

Composition of lipoprotein

A

Free cholesterol (surface)
Phospholipids (surface)
TAG (core)
Cholesteryl esters (core)

95
Q

Found on the SURFACE of apolipoprotein

A

Free cholesterol
Phospholipids

96
Q

Found on the CORE of apolipoprotein

A

TAG
Cholesteryl esters

97
Q

MAJOR LIPOPROTEIN TYPES

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

98
Q

Largest to smallest lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons (largest)
VLDL
LDL
HDL (smallest)

99
Q

Least dense (↓ protein) to Most dense (↑ protein)

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

100
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo A-1

A

HDL

101
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo A-II

A

HDL

102
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo A-IV

A

CM, VLDL, HDL

103
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo B-100

A

LDL, VLDL

104
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo B-48

A

CM

105
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo C-I

A

CM, VLDL, HDL

106
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo C-II

A

CM, VLDL, HDL

107
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo C-III

A

CM, VLDL, HDL

108
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo E

A

VLDL, HDL

109
Q

Major LPP Location:
Apo(a)

A

Lp (a)

110
Q

Apolipoprotein with major location is HDL

A

Apo A-I
Apo A-II
Apo A-IV
Apo C-I
Apo C-II
Apo C-III
Apo E

111
Q

Apolipoprotein with major location is Chylomicron

A

Apo A-IV
Apo B-48
Apo C-I
Apo C-II
Apo C-III

112
Q

Apolipoprotein with major location is VLDL

A

Apo A-IV
Apo B-100
Apo C-I
Apo C-II
Apo C-III
Apo E

113
Q

LCAT activator, ABCA1 lipid acceptor

A

Apo A-I

114
Q

LCAT inactivator

A

Apo A-II

115
Q

LDL receptor ligand

A

Apo B-100
Apo E

116
Q

Remnant receptor ligand

A

Apo B-48

117
Q

LPL cofactor

A

Apo C-II

118
Q

LPL inhibitor

A

Apo C-III

119
Q

Plasminogen inhibitor

A

Apo(a)

120
Q

Least dense (2% protein) lipoprotein

A

Chylomicrons

121
Q

Most dense (50% protein) lipoprotein

A

HDL

122
Q

Largest lipoprotein

A

Chylomicron

123
Q

Smallest lipoprotein

A

HDL

124
Q

Lipoprotein with highest lipid content

A

Chylomicrons

125
Q

Lipoprotein with smallest lipid content

A

HDL

126
Q

Most TAG rich lipoprotein

A

Chylomicron

127
Q

Lipoprotein with least TAG content

A

HDL

128
Q

Most cholesterol rich lipoprotein

A

LDL

129
Q

Lipoprotein with least cholesterol content

A

Chylomicrons

130
Q

Conversion Factor (mmol/L) for TOTAL CHOLESTEROL

A

0.026

131
Q

Conversion Factor (mmol/L) for TAG

A

0.011

132
Q

Reference range (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol =
HDL cholesterol =
LDL cholesterol =
TAG =

A

Total cholesterol = 140-200
HDL cholesterol = 40-75
LDL cholesterol = 50-130
TAG = 60-150

133
Q

aka Pre-β lipoprotein

A

VLDL

134
Q

aka β lipoprotein

A

LDL

135
Q

aka Bad cholesterol

A

LDL

136
Q

aka α lipoprotein

A

HDL

137
Q

aka good cholesterol

A

HDL

138
Q

Largest, least dense lipoprotein

A

Chylomicrons

139
Q

Lipoprotein completely cleared in the circulation within 6-9 hrs after eating

A

CHYLOMICRONS

140
Q

Float in the middle of serum → homogenous turbidity (before and after overnight standing)

A

VLDL

141
Q

Most atherogenic lipoprotein (initiates formation of fatty plaque in BV)

A

LDL

142
Q

Cardioprotective lipoprotein

A

HDL

143
Q

Site of CHYLOMICRON production

A

Intestine

144
Q

Site of VLDL production

A

Liver

145
Q

Production of LDL

A

VLDL lipolysis to IDL → LDL

146
Q

Site of HDL production

A

Liver
Intestine

147
Q

Delivers dietary lipids (exogenous TAG) to hepatic and peripheral cells

A

CHYLOMICRONS

148
Q

Transfers endogenous TAG from the liver to peripheral tissue

A

VLDL

149
Q

Transfers dietary cholesterol to peripheral tissue

A

LDL

150
Q

Transfer excess cholesterol from peripheral cells back to the liver

A

HDL

151
Q

MINOR LIPOPROTEIN TYPES

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)
INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LPP (IDL)

152
Q

ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS

A

LIPOPROTEIN X
B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

153
Q

aka Sinking pre-β lipoprotein

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)

154
Q

LDL lipoprotein-like particle

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)

155
Q

Has similar structure to plasminogen

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)

156
Q

↑ Lp(a) confers ↑ risk for:

A

o Premature CHD
o Stroke

157
Q

Competes with plasminogen for fibrin

A

Lp(a)

158
Q

Mechanism of premature CHD

A

MECHANISM: Competition with plasminogen for fibrin
Clot formation will prevent further blood loss. When bleeding is controlled due to clot → damaged BV undergoes repair → clot removed through fibrinolysis.
Plasminogen promotes fibrinolysis. In presence of Lp(a), it will compete with plasminogen (Lp(a) – acts as inhibitor of plasminogen). Fibrin clot will not be dissolved, accumulates and adds up in the fatty flakes in the blood vessels → early manifestation of CHD

159
Q

VLDL remnant: 1st product of VLDL catabolism

A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LPP (IDL)

VLDL → IDL → LDL

160
Q

Subclass of LDL

A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LPP (IDL)

161
Q

Migration of Lp(a)

A

Variable
* pre-β
* between LDL &
albumin

(Migrates with VLDL)

162
Q

Minor lipoprotein that migrates with VLDL

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)

163
Q

Migration is either pre-β or β region

A

INTERMEDIATE DENSITY LPP (IDL)

164
Q

Minor lipoprotein with a density similar to LDL

A

LIPOPROTEIN(a)

165
Q

Specific and sensitive indicator of cholestasis

A

LIPOPROTEIN X

166
Q

Abnormal lipoprotein found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency

A

LIPOPROTEIN X

167
Q

MAJOR LIPID CONTENT OF LIPOPROTEIN X

A

Phospholipid & Free cholesterol (90%)

168
Q

PROTEIN FRACTION OF LIPOPROTEIN X

A

Apo C
Albumin

169
Q

aka Abnormally migrating β-VLDL

A

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

170
Q

Lipoprotein found in type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia or dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

171
Q

Rich in cholesterol than VLDL

A

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

172
Q

Has a defective VLDL catabolism (failure to convert VLDL to LDL causing IDL accumulation)

A

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

173
Q

Migration of LIPOPROTEIN X

A

Towards cathode
(unique, since all LPP
migrates toward anode)

174
Q

Migration of B-VLDL (floating β
lipoprotein)

A

β region
(Migrates with LDL)

175
Q

LIPOPROTEIN(a) migration

A

Variable:
* pre-β
* between LDL &
albumin
(Migrates with VLDL)

176
Q

IDL migration

A

Either pre-β or β region

177
Q

Density is similar to VLDL by ultracentrifugation

A

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein)

178
Q

Lipoprotein metabolism

A
  1. Lipid Absorption
  2. Exogenous Pathway
  3. Endogenous Pathway
  4. Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
179
Q

Conversion of dietary lipids into more
polar/absorbable (amphipathic) compounds by
PANCREATIC LIPASE

A

LIPID ABSORPTION

180
Q

Enhanced by emulsifying agents (bile salts)

A

LIPID ABSORPTION

181
Q

Site of occurrence of LIPID ABSORPTION

A

Small intestine

182
Q

Converted in LIPID ABSORPTION

A

Dietary lipids

183
Q

ENZYME in LIPID ABSORPTION

A

Pancreatic lipase

184
Q

Products in LIPID ABSORPTION

A

More polar/absorbable (amphipathic) compound

Triglyceride → Monoglycerides

Cholesterol esters → Free cholesterol

Phospholipids → Lysophospholipids

185
Q

Chylomicrons transports exogenous dietary lipids (TAG) from the intestine to the liver and circulation (peripheral cells)

In the liver: LPL hydrolyzes TAG in CM into FA & glycerol or re-esterified for long term storage

Converts CM → CM remnant particles

A

EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

186
Q

MEDIATOR in EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Chylomicrons (synthesized in
the intestine)

Absorbed dietary lipids are transported by CM from intestine to the circulation which makes lipemic plasma

187
Q

SITE OF OCCURRENCE OF . EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Intestine
↓
Liver & Circulation
(peripheral cells)

188
Q

CONVERTED IN EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Dietary lipids (TAG)
(exogenous)

189
Q

ENZYME IN EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

190
Q

PRODUCTS IN EXOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

TAG in CM → Fatty acids & glycerol or
→ Re-esterified for long
term storage in hepatic
cells

CM → CM remnant particles

191
Q

TAG in the liver (endogenous) is packaged into VLDL, carrying lipids to the circulation

A

ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

192
Q

MEDIATOR OF ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

VLDL
LDL

193
Q

SITE OF OCCURRENCE OF ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Circulation
(peripheral cells)

194
Q

CONVERTED/CARRIED IN ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

TAG in the liver
(endogenous)

195
Q

ENZYME IN ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

196
Q

PRODUCTS IN ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

A

VLDL carrying endogenous TAG:

→ 50%: VLDL remnants by LPL → taken up by liver

→ 50%: LDL → delivers of exogenous cholesterol to peripheral cells

197
Q

HDL remove excess cholesterol in circulation → liver

A

REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY

198
Q

MEDIATOR IN REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY

A

HDL

199
Q

SITE OF OCCURENCE OF REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY

A

Circulation
(peripheral cells)
↓
Liver
(for excretion)

200
Q

CONVERTED/CARRIED IN REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT PATHWAY

A

Excess cholesterol

201
Q

LIPID DISORDERS

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis
  2. Hyperlipoproteinemia
    o Hypercholesterolenemia
    o Hypertriglyceridemia
    o Combined hyperlipidemia
  3. Hypolipoproteinemia
  4. Lp(a) elevation
202
Q

Deposition of esterified cholesterol (hydrophobic), in artery walls

A

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

203
Q

lipoprotein indicator of inc. esterified chole in the blood

A

LDL

204
Q

Increased fats + insoluble components → smooth muscle cells, extracellular lipid, calcification, fibrous tissue, macrophages, lymphocytes and platelets (fatty plaque)

A

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

205
Q

Thrombosis (blocks circulation): caused by rupture/erosion

A

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

206
Q

Conditions under ARTERIOSCLEROSIS and their affected sites

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD): heart (angina, MI)

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD): arteries in arms or legs

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD): brain vessels (stroke)

207
Q

Under HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA

A

Hypercholesterolenemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia

208
Q

↑ Cholesterol
↑ LDL, ↓ receptors

A

Hypercholesterolenemia

209
Q

↑ TAG
↓ LPL or APO C-II
VLDL → VLDL remnants
CM → CM remnants

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

210
Q

↑ TAG, Cholesterol
↑ VLDL and CM remnants
APO E2/2

A

Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia

211
Q

OTHER LIPID DISORDERS

A
  1. Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type 2a)
  2. Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia)
  3. Abetalipoproteinemia (Basses-Kornzweig Syndrome)
  4. Hypobetalipoproteinemia
  5. Niemann-Pick Disease (Lipid Storage Disease)
  6. Tangier’s Disease
  7. Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Deficiency
  8. LCAT Deficiency
  9. Tay-Sachs Disease
212
Q

Contained when a tube of turbid plasma is left overnight in a refrigerator
at 4ºC and became lipemic

A

CHYLOMICRONS
VLDL

213
Q

Phospholipids are derived from

A

Phosphatidic acid

214
Q

What is determined in Sphingomyelin / lecithin ratio?

A

Fetal lung maturity during 3rd trimester

215
Q

B-VLDL (floating β lipoprotein) is found in these conditions

A

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia
Dysbetalipoproteinemia

216
Q

aka Familial Hypercholesterolemia

A

Type 2a

217
Q

aka Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia

A

Type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia

218
Q

aka Abetalipoproteinemia

A

Basses-Kornzweig Syndrome

219
Q

aka Niemann-Pick Disease

A

Lipid Storage Disease

MTAP 2 (23 decks)

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