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HEMA 2 (Intro) Flashcards

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1
Q

A disease, usually of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

A

LEUKEMIA

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2
Q

Requests to rule out leukemia

A

PBS, Bone Marrow Aspiration

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3
Q

Leukemia symptoms of short duration; patient last only 2-6 months

A

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

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4
Q

Leukemia with many immature cell forms in the bone marrow and/or peripheral
blood

A

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

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5
Q

Total leukocyte count of acute leukemia

A

elevated

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Leukemia with symptoms of long duration; patient lasts 1-2 years

A

CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

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8
Q

General term for malignancy that starts on lymphatic system →
mainly the “lymph nodes” (solid tumor)

A

LYMPHOMA

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8
Q

Total leukocyte count in chronic leukemia

A

extremely elevated to lower than normal

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9
Q

Solid tumors: accumulation of malignant cells present in lymph nodes

A

LYMPHOMA

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10
Q

TWO TYPES OF LYMPHOMA

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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11
Q

Proliferation of malignant cells of the lymphocytes, which have basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm with “starry sky pattern” due to numerous tangible body macrophage that are arrested at certain stages of maturation

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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12
Q

Hallmark: presence of Reed-Sternberg Cell

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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13
Q

large binucleated/multinucleated cell resembles appearance with each nucleus bearing a very large nucleolus

A

Reed-Sternberg Cell

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14
Q

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

A

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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15
Q

mixed population of lymphocyte histiocytes, eosinophils, and some plasma cells

A

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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16
Q

form of cancer (CA) of the plasma cells in the bone marrow

A

MYELOMA

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16
Q

Overproduction of various types of immature or mature leukocytes in the bone marrow and/or
peripheral blood

A

LEUKEMIA

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17
Q

Presence of Bence Jones proteins containing light-chains in the urine

A

MYELOMA

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17
Q

Solid malignant tumors of the lymph nodes

A

LYMPHOMA

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17
Q

PLASMA CELL CHARACTERISTICS

A

Cartwheel cytoplasm
Basophilic cytoplasm (Increased RNA)

Eccentric nucleus
Hoff near the nucleus

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18
Q

Malignant cells freely trespass the BBB

A

LEUKEMIA

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18
Q

Overproduction of plasma cells in the bone
marrow with concurrent production of abnormal proteins

A

MYELOMA

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18
Q

Malignant cells of lymphoma are initially confined in these organs containing mononuclear phagocytic cells

A

Lymph nodes
spleen
liver
BM

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19
Mimics lab result of leukemia
LEUKOMOID REACTION
19
response or reaction to infection or malignancy
LEUKOMOID REACTION
19
Plasma cells form mass/tumor in BM
Myeloma
19
WBC count of LEUKOMOID REACTION
High (>500,000)
20
LAP in LEUKOMOID REACTION
Increased
20
Shift in LEUKOMOID REACTION
Left shift
20
Present in LEUKOMOID REACTION
Dohle bodies TG
21
Absent in LEUKOMOID REACTION
Auer rods Philadelphia chromosomes
22
WBC count in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
High (malignant cells)
23
LAP in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
Decreased
24
Shift in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
Left shift
25
Similarities of leukomoid reaction and leukemia
o Excessive leukocytosis o Immature cells (blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes) in PB
25
Present in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
Auer bodies Philadelphia chromosomes
26
language of medicine
Classification
27
essential for both clinical practice and investigation
consensus or definitions and terminology
28
3 IMPORTANT COMPONENTS TO THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES
1st: Since underlying cause of neoplasm are often unknown, we use: clin. features, morph, immunophenotype, genetic 2nd: as many experts as possible 3rd: pathologists - primary classification (w/ clinicians involvement)
29
According to this, there is no one “Gold Standard” by which all diseases are defined
WHO
30
Included in French-American-British (FAB) Classification
Cellular Morphology Cytochemistry Patient history
31
Included in WHO classification
FAB criteria + Immunophenotyping and Molecular Technology – Cytogenetics (chromosome translocations, dysplasia)
32
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Leukemia classification based on clonal proliferation
lymphoid or myeloid
34
Clonal proliferations of malignant leukocytes that arise initially in the bone marrow before disseminating to the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and other organs
LEUKEMIA
34
Leukemia classification based on clinical course
acute or chronic
35
First to recognize leukemia as a distinct clinical disorder between 1839 and 1845. He named this disorder leukemia because of the white appearance of the blood from patients with fever, weakness, and lymphadenopathy
Virchow
36
Predominant symptoms in CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
Enlargement of liver, spleen and lymph nodes
37
Common symptoms in ACUTE LEUKEMIA in presence of large leukemic cell mass
Bone pain
37
clonal disease that develops subsequent to the malignant transformation of one or more normal hematopoietic progenitor cells
Leukemia
37
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE OF LEUKEMIA
1) Genetic and immunological factors 2) Occupational exposure 3) Environmental exposure 4) Chemical and drug exposure 5) Genetic abnormalities and associations 6) Viral agents 7) Secondary causes
38
Mutations in a ___ gene are found in many cases of leukemia; Larger changes in ______ are also common
Single One or more chromosomes
38
occupational factor associated with an increased incidence of leukemia
Ionizing radiation
38
Central regulators of growth in normal cells Have rare involvement in cancer (consequence of somatic mutations)
PROTOONCOGENES
39
Conditions most frequently associated with radiation
Acute and chronic forms of myelogenous leukemia (AML/CML)
40
Condition associated with exposure to high levels of radiation
Acute leukemia
40
most common human aneuploidy
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
40
Common chemical that may cause AML if prolonged exposure
Benzene
40
First recognized link between a specific virus and a human malignant disease
DNA-related EBV with Burkitt’s lymphoma
40
Chemical exposure is more strongly linked to an increased risk of this condition
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
40
Leukemia associated to children with down syndrome
ALL Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL)
41
Blood condition associated to newborns with down syndrome
Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder (TMD), a preleukemic form of AMKL
41
Secondary AML may develop in patients with
hematologic disorder (e.g., severe congenital neutropenia) inherited disease (e.g., Fanconi’s anemia) MDS (3 months)
42
first retrovirus to be isolated from patients suffering from aggressive T-cell cancers with skin involvement
HTLV-I
43
first RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) known to occur in humans
HTLV
43
Leukemia classification based on Natural History
Acute, Subacute, Chronic
44
refractory “no” to remission (state of a patient where no signs and symptoms are seen), usually fatal within 3 months
Acute Leukemia
45
BM packed primitive cells 20% of BM cells are blasts
Acute Leukemia
45
have longer patient survival of 3-12 months usually have a clinical picture of an acute leukemia
Subacute Leukemia
46
having a survival of >1 year if no current remission occurs blasts are elevated (↑) in BM and blood
Chronic Leukemia
47
FAB More uncommon forms of leukocytic leukemia are:
✓ Acute undifferentiated (stem cell) ✓ Eosinophilic ✓ Basophilic
47
Leukemia accdg. to Functional Capacity of Release Mechanism
Leukemic, Subleukemic, Aleukemic
47
with NO immature cells (since they remain in the BM) in the blood with WBC count <15,000/uL
Aleukemic Leukemia
47
presence of immature or abnormal cells in blood with WBC counts >15,000/uL
Leukemic Leukemia
47
4th edition (2008) of the WHO classification stratifies neoplasms primarily according to lineage:
Myeloid lymphoid Histiocytic/dendritic cell
47
buffy coat smear can be used to examine this type of leukemia
Aleukemic Leukemia
47
with immature or abnormal cells in the blood with WBC count <15,000/uL
Subleukemic Leukemia
47
Leukemia with WBC count >15,000/uL
Leukemic Leukemia
47
Leukemia with WBC count <15,000/uL
Subleukemic, Aleukemic
47
FAB Separated into three broad leukocytes groups:
1) Myelogenous 2) Monocytic 3) Lymphocytic
48
FAB Major types of leukocytic leukemias can be classified as acute or chronic according to the leukocyte groups:
✓ Acute or Chronic Myelogenous ✓ Acute or Chronic Monocytic ✓ Acute or Chronic Myelomonocytic ✓ Acute or chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
49
Classification is based on morphology but combine this information with Immunophenotyping and Genetic Studies
World Health Organization (WHO) Classification

MTAP 2 (23 decks)

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