Cell Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Question 1

Mechanisms of Cell Injury

Answer 1

Free radical formation
hypoxia
disruption of intracellular Ca homeostasis
membrane damage

Question 2

Free Radical

Answer 2

chemicals that have a single unpaired electron

Question 3

Free Radical Injury

Answer 3

damage cell membranes by lipid peroxidation
oxidative modification of proteins
damage nucleic acid

Question 4

Free Radicals in Diabetes

Answer 4

glucose become oxidized, causing…
consumption of antioxidants
pancreatic B cell undergo oxidative stress
proteins oxidatively modified

Question 5

Protein Modification in diabetes due to free radical damage

Answer 5

Immunological- triggers systemic inflammation

Structural

Question 6

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 6

D, A, K, E

Question 7

Most toxic fat soluble vitamins

Answer 7

A, D

Question 8

Hypoxia

Answer 8

depletion of ATP to <5-10% of normal levels

Question 9

Hypoxia Effects

Answer 9

decrease NA/K Pump
decrease protein synthesis
increase lactic acid

Question 10

Increase in Ca activates….

Answer 10

ATPase
Phosphatase
Protease
Endonuclease
seriouse cell damage if all active

Question 11

Mechanisms leading to membrane damage

Answer 11

increased cytosolic Ca
cytoskeletal damage
reactive oxygen species

Question 12

Irreversible Responses to Cell Injury

Answer 12

Cell Death

Neoplasia- cancer

Question 13

Hypertrophy

Answer 13

change in cell size

Question 14

Hyperplasia

Answer 14

change in cell number

Question 15

Metaplasia

Answer 15

change in cell type

one mature cell type to another

Question 16

Dysplasia

Answer 16

abnormal cells

can become cancerous

Question 17

Atrophy

Answer 17

cell shinkage

Question 18

Causes of Atrophy

Answer 18

lack of use
loss of inn or blood supply
lack of nutrition
aging

Question 19

Cause of Hypertrophy

Answer 19

increased use or hormonal stimulation

Question 20

Physiologic Hyperplasia

Answer 20

CT during wound healing

uterus and breast growth during pregnancy

Question 21

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Answer 21

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 22

HPV

Answer 22

can cause neoplasia

most clear themselves

Question 23

Endogenous Products

Answer 23

normal body substances in abnormally large amounts

Question 24

Exogenous Products

Answer 24

Environmental agents and pigments

Question 25

Xanthoma

Answer 25

cholesterol buildup | yellow-white bumps on skin in corner of eyelids

Question 26

Billirubin

Answer 26

endogenous causes yellow sclera cleared in a healthy liver

Question 27

Hepatitis

Answer 27

liver inflammation increase of billirubin causes jaundice decrease in protein production

Question 28

Can induce hepatitis

Answer 28

acetaminophen/ tylenol

Question 29

Kayser- Fleischer Rings

Answer 29

sign of Wilson's Disease copper buildup coloration of Descemet's

Question 30

Argyria

Answer 30

too much silver salts- exogenous | turns skin blue

Question 31

Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 31

calcium deposits in dead or dying tissue | frequent cause of organ dysfunction

Question 32

Necrosis

Answer 32

chaotic lysing of dead cells w/in living tissue swell and rupture huge inflammatory response

Question 33

Apoptosis

Answer 33

programmed cell death no inflammatory response cell shrinks and blebs

Question 34

Sequence of Necrosis

Answer 34

membrane damage cell and organelles swell inflammatory response

Question 35

Exudates

Answer 35

``` inflamed vessels (from necrosis) leak fluid making pus very high levels of protein- Cloudy ```

Question 36

Transudate

Answer 36

fluid is pushed through capillaries due to high pressures | very low protein levels- Clear

Question 37

Granulomas

Answer 37

dead material and macrophages at center; surrounded by lymphocytes chronic inflammation

Question 38

Immunological cells found in chronic inflammation

Answer 38

lymphocytes and macrophages