Immunopathology

Question 1

Signs of Inflammation

Answer 1

rubor- redness
calor- heat
dolor- pain
tumor- swelling

Question 2

Primary leukocyte in acute inflammation

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

Primary leukocyte in chronic inflammation

Answer 3

macrophages and leukocytes

Question 4

Selectin

Answer 4

influences neutrophil distribution

activates or inactivates neutrophil adhesion molescules

Question 5

Cellular Adhesion Molecules

Answer 5

attach to neutrophils and stop their movement

Question 6

IL-8

Answer 6

signals neutrophils to invade area and kill pathogens

Question 7

Neutrophils produce _____ after their killing spree

Answer 7

exudates

Question 8

Histamine

Answer 8

causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 9

Anaphylatoxins

Answer 9

cause degranulation of mast cells

Question 10

Serotonin

Answer 10

causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

made by platelets

Question 11

Bradykinin

Answer 11

PAIN, vasodilation, leakiness

Question 12

Thromboxane A2

TXA2

Answer 12

from platelets

causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

Question 13

Aspirin

Answer 13

prevents platelets from making TXA2

Question 14

Prostacyclin

PGI2

Answer 14

made by vascular endothelium

causes vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation

Question 15

Prostaglandin E2

Answer 15

causes pain and fever

Question 16

Steroids

Answer 16

breaks down phospholipases via PLA-2

stops arachidonic acid pathway

Question 17

Lipoxygenase (LOX) Pathway

Answer 17

causes vasoconstriction

Question 18

Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway

Answer 18

TXA2, prostaglandin, prostacyclin

Question 19

IL-6

Answer 19

acute phase reactants

from liver

Question 20

IL-1 and TNF

Answer 20

initiate PGE2- fever

Question 21

Acute phase reactants

Answer 21

ferritin, fibrinogen, CRP

Question 22

Ferritin

Answer 22

iron binder

needed in growing bacterial cells

Question 23

Fibrinogen

Answer 23

makes RBC sticky

increases ESR

Question 24

IL-8

Answer 24

PMN chemotaxis

Question 25

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

Answer 25

complete resolution w/ regeneration complete resolution w/ scarring abscess formation transition to chronic inflammation

Question 26

Abscess

Answer 26

mostly infections | sterile in brain

Question 27

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Answer 27

persistent infections infections w/ recalcitrant organisms autoimmune diseases response to foreign material or malignant tumors

Question 28

Recalcitrant Organisms

Answer 28

viruses, mycobacteria (TB), parasites, fungi

Question 29

TB

Answer 29

can replicate in macrophages | ultimately leads to granuloma

Question 30

Part of eosinophil that is toxic to parasites

Answer 30

major basic protein

Question 31

Basophils stay in....

Answer 31

blood

Question 32

Mast Cells stay in....

Answer 32

tissue

Question 33

Granuloma

Answer 33

epitheliod macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes

Question 34

Granulomas in TB cause....

Answer 34

central necrosis

Question 35

Necrosis

Answer 35

uncontrolled cell death produce exudate- pus- protein and neutrophils may be aseptic from loss of blood supply

Question 36

Major processes of necrosis

Answer 36

enzymatic digestion of cell | denaturation of proteins

Question 37

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 37

gelatin- keeps shape but internal proteins are denatured

Question 38

Cause of Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 38

ischemia (aseptic) | infarction

Question 39

Ischemia in CNS causes.....

Answer 39

Liquefactive Necrosis

Question 40

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 40

infectious transforming tissue into a liquid- cells digested by hydrolytic enzymes leaves pus and fluid, forming abscess

Question 41

Common causes of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 41

bacterial or fungal infections

Question 42

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 42

cheesy proteinaceous dead cell mass | in TB

Question 43

Fat Necrosis

Answer 43

death to adipose tissue | small white lesions form

Question 44

Cause of Fat Necrosis

Answer 44

trauma

Question 45

Apoptosis and Retina

Answer 45

70% of ganglia cells die during development