Cell Anatomy Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
A cell is defined as the __________ that is responsible for all of life’s processes.
A
smallest, basic unit of life
2
Q
Humans have more cells compared to?
A
Bacteria
3
Q
This is the study of cells from its basic structure to the function of every cell organelle.
A
CELL BIOLOGY
4
Q
Who discovered the cell in 1665?
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
Consequently, he named those rooms as cells however he cannot see any details to those cells because he is only using what type of microscope?
A
Compound Microscope
6
Q
2 types of cell
A
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
7
Q
Fuctions of cell
A
Metabolize and release energy
Synthesize molecules
Communication
Reproduction and Inheritance
8
Q
No Nucleus and a single celled microorganism
A
Prokaryotic Cell
9
Q
True Nucleus and a multicellular organism
A
Eukaryotic Cell
10
Q
Contains genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.
A
Nucleus
11
Q
How is RNA created?
A
through transcription of DNA
12
Q
Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis
A
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
13
Q
Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification
A
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
14
Q
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum stores also what?
A
Calcium
15
Q
Site of protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
16
Q
Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles.
A
Golgi Apparatus
17
Q
Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis.
A
Secretory Vesicles
18
Q
Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
A
Lyzosomes
19
Q
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis (power).
A
Mitochondrion
20
Q
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions.
A
Centrioles
21
Q
Supports cytoplasm;assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella. Has structures that give stability to cells.
A
Microtubule
22
Q
Move substances over surfaces of certain cells. You can see these in our Respiratory and Digestive system.
A
Flagella
23
Q
Increase surface area of certain cells for absorption and secretion modified to form sensory receptors. Usually found in Digestive system. (Organs that are responsible for absorption like small intestines.)
A
Microvilli
24
Q
Outermost component of cells. Made out of Phospholipid layers which are double layers.
A
Plasma membrane
25
Boundary separates the substance inside the cell (________) to the substance outside the cells (_________)
INTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR
26
Ability to ___________ and __________ with other cells through plasma membrane
recognize
communicate
27
It determines what moves into and out of the cells.
Selective Permeable Membrane
28
PISO
Potassium In and Sodium Out
29
45-50% - lipids
45-50% -
4-8% -
## Footnote
Composition of Plasma Membrane
proteins
carbohydrates
30
Plasma Membrane is divided with your ___________ and ____________
## Footnote
Lipids of Plasma Membrane
phospholipid
cholesterol
31
In plasma membrane the Cholesterol in it gives?
strength and flexibility
32
This percentage in plasma membrane act as a membrane channel, the one that regulates ions.
Proteins
33
glycolipids + glycoproteins =
Glycoproteins
34
Glyco means?
Carbohydrates
35
This glyco is responsible for stability and cell to cell communication.
Glycolipids
36
This glyco are for cell recognition or self recognition, they are also responsible for attachment or bind of other cells.
Glycoproteins
37
Comprises the total weight of cell.
Water
38
The term for the combination of glycolipid and glycoproteins
Glycocalyx
39
Another term for Phospholipid Bilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model
40
Why is the head of our Phospholipid Bilayer on top (labas) and not below (loob)?
The head of phospholipid is hydrophilic (water loving) and since our cell is immersed in interstitial fluid. Which means tails cannot be in there since they are hydrophobic.
41
Flat among the phospholipid molecules.
Protein Molecules
42
Proteins that are on the surface of plasma membranes.
Peripheral
43
Proteins that are deeply integrated in your plasma membrane.
Integral
44
Cells to identify one another
Marker Molecules
45
Receptors that can attach or receptor to a specific chemical.
Receptor proteins
46
Attachment of cell to another cell
Cadherins
47
it is the attachment of a cell to extracellular material.
Integrins
48
Cadherins and Integrins are?
Attachment Proteins
49
Channel, Carrier, ATP power pumps are?
Channel Proteins
50
Leaked Ion and Gated Ion
Channel
51
Channel that is when it is leaking or open, especially when the plasma membrane is at rest.
Leaked Ion
52
This channel opens and closes of the open entrance of specific ion an metals,
Gated Ion
53
Carries a specific ion or molecules across the plasma membrane.
Carrier
54
refers to the transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane
Uniport
55
movement of two different ions or molecules (glucose and insulin) that transports or move across the plasma membrane in the same direction (sabay)
Symport or Cotransport
56
Refers to the movement of two different molecules transporting across the plasma membrane in different directions.
Antiport or CounterTransport
57
Antiport's energy came from?
ATP power pumps
58
Increases the rate of chemical reaction.
Enzymes (Catalyst)
59
found higher concentration intracellularly
Potassium Ion (K+)
60
are found to be concentrated extracellularly.
Soduim (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Cl)
61
Fluid outside cells. Rich, nutritious “soup” - amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, wastes
Interstitial Fluid
62
Plasma membrane only allow some substances to enter cell by what?
Passive or Active Transport
63
NiWo
Nutrients In Waste Out
64
This membrane transport, cell does not expend metabolic energy (ATP).
Passive Transport
65
What's the substance for diffusion?
Solute
66
What's the substance for Osmosis?
Water
67
Solutes, such as ions or molecules, tend to move from an area _______________ of a solute to an area of _________________ of that same solute in solution. (concentration gradient)
## Footnote
Diffusion
higher concentration
lower concentration
68
Solution is generally composed of one or more substances which we call?
## Footnote
Diffusion
solute
69
What is the universal solvent?
## Footnote
Diffusion
Water
70
Diffusion results from the natural, ___________________ of all solutes in a solution
## Footnote
Diffusion
constant random motion
71
# Specific non-lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through membrane channels
Therefore if it is lipid-soluble?
## Footnote
Diffusion
it cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
72
Solutes are the ones dissolved in?
## Footnote
Diffusion
predominant liquid organ
73
Lipid-soluble diffuses ___________ while non-lipid-soluble it will need a ___________.
## Footnote
Diffusion
directly
membrane channel.
74
Other non-lipid-soluble molecules or ions, for which membrane channels are? Cannot enter the cell
## Footnote
Diffusion
not present in the cell
75
This is the diffusion of H2O
## Footnote
Osmosis
Osmosis
76
Osmosis is selectively permeable by?
## Footnote
Osmosis
membrane allows water but not all solutes dissolved in water through it.
77
Water moves from _________ (fewer solutes, more water) ___________ (more solutes, less water)
## Footnote
Osmosis
less concentrated solution
into more concentrated solution
78
The resistance of water to pass through a concentrated solution.
## Footnote
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure
79
## Footnote
Osmosis
80
The greater the tendency to pass through the concentrated solution then the __________ the osmotic pressure.
## Footnote
Osmosis
higher
81
The greater the tendency for water to ___________ into the solution, and the greater the osmotic pressure to ___________ that movement.
## Footnote
Osmosis
move
prevent
82
Examples of fat-soluble-vitamins
## Footnote
Osmosis
ADEC
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Same concentration of solute and Osmotic pressure
## Footnote
Osmosis
Isosmotic
84
Higher Concentration of Solute and Higher Osmotic Pressure
## Footnote
Osmosis
Hyperosmotic
85
Lower Concentration of Solute and Lower Osmotic Pressure
## Footnote
Osmosis
Hyposmotic
86
The ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing water volume.
## Footnote
Osmosis
Osmosis: Tonicity of Cells
87
equal concentration solutes
## Footnote
Osmosis
Isotonic
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higher conc. of solutes (Example: IV fluid since it consists of electrolytes, sodium potassium, and glucose)
Hypertonic
89
lower conc. of solutes (Example: NSS or Normal Saline Solution)
Hypotonic
90
What's the substance in facilitated transport?
## Footnote
Facilitated Transport
Solute
91
A mediated transport process by which transport mediates or assists the movement of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules.
## Footnote
Facilitated Transport
Facilitated Transport
92
Rate of ions is __________ to concentration gradients when all carrier proteins are occupied.
## Footnote
Facilitated Transport
directly proportional
93
Energy (ATP) is needed. Move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high concentration.
Active Transport
94
Types of Active transport?
Primary and Secondary
95
Directly uses ATP to drive transport
Primary Active Transport: Antiport
96
Antiport is also known as counter-transport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in ___________ across the plasma membrane. (sodium potassium and calcium pump)
opposite directions
97
Also known as cotransport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane.
Secondary Active Transport: Symport
98
It requires 2 transport proteins:
A _________ pump actively moves NA+ out of the cell.
A _________facilitates the movement of Na+ and glucose into the cell.
Na+-K+
carrier protein
99
The thicker conservation of your sodium whichusually should be higher concentrated outside the cell.
Sodium-Potassium
100
Sodium ions would go back into the cell through transport protein which also moves your?
Glucose
101
Sodium provides what? Which is required for movement of our glucose against the concentration gradient.
Energy
102
Fluid and large particles are transported across membranes in vesicles (sacs).
Vescular Transport
103
“out of cell” - eject substances
Exocytosis
104
“within the cell” - ingest substances
Endocytosis
105
This type of endocytosis is (cell eating) engulf large or solid material. Example: WBC engulfing a bacteria
Phagocytosis
106
This type of endocytosis is (cell drinking) fluid with dissolved molecule.
Pinocytosis
107
This type of endocytosis concentrates specific substances (ligands) that bind to receptor proteins (assistant). The receptor attaches specific molecules so that it can be brought inside the cell. Example: Insulin, Iron, and Cholesterol
receptor-modiated endocytosis
108
Makes distinct gametes (diploid to haploid)
Meiosis (Sex Cells)
109
Clones body cells (diploid to diploid)
Mitosis (Somatic Cells)
110
Interphase has how many inner phase?
3
111
This phase is in interphase where it is consider the preparation or cell metabolism. Cellular content excluding the chromosomes are being duplicated and all the cellular metabolism are being finished.
G1 phase
112
How long does G1 phase lasts?
8 to 12 hours
113
This process of interphase is where the DNA replication proper happens where each of 46 chromosomes is being duplicated. Synthesization of histones and proteins in nucleus.
Synthetic (S) Phase
114
How long does Synthetic (S) phase process?
6 to 8 hours
115
This process of interphase is when all duplication processes and cellular metabolism. Cell division respiration.
G2 Phase
116
How long does G2 phase process?
4 hours
117
Phase: The centrioles move to the opposite sides. There’s a condensation of chromosomes.
Prophase
118
Phase: Chromosomes are aligned at the center or near the center (equatorial plate).
Metaphase
119
Phase: Chromatids split. They are being pulled out in the opposite direction.
Anaphase
120
Phase: Forms cleavage furrow
Telophase
121
After: When they start to divide. The cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of parental cell splits when this is completed your interphase begins again.
Cytokinesis
122
Disorder in cell structure where the cell decrease in size.
Atrophy
123
Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in size.
Hypertrophy
124
Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in number.
Hyperplasia
125
Disorder in cell structure with ability to change into another type of cell.
Metaplasia
126
Disorder in cell structure where there's changes in cell structure.
Neoplasia
127
Disorder in cell structure where it decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structure. It is also the cause of ischemia.
Hypoxia
