cell cycle and mitosis

Question 1

autosomal cells are _________, which means they have two copies of each chromosome

Answer 1

diploid

Question 2

germ cells are _________, containing only one copy of each chromosome

Answer 2

haploid

Question 3

what are the four stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 3

G1
S
G2
M

Question 4

what stages make up interphase?

Answer 4

G1, S, G2

Question 5

what is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 5

interphase

Question 6

during ________, the cell is simply living and carrying out its functions without any preparation for division

Answer 6

G0

Question 7

during interphase, chromosomes are (more / less) condensed

Answer 7

less condense

chromosome –> chromatin

Question 8

during mitosis, DNA is (more / less) condensed to avoid losing genetic material

Answer 8

more

Question 9

during the ________ phase, cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing their size

Answer 9

G1

Question 10

during the ________ phase, the cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies

Answer 10

S

Question 11

after replication, each chromosome consists of how many identical chromatids?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

T / F - cells entering the G2 phase have twice as much DNA as cells in G1

Answer 12

true! this is due to the replication of chromosomes and have two sister chromatids instead of one

Question 13

during the ________ phase, the cell passes through another quality control checkpoint to ensure that there are enough organelles and cytoplasm for two daughter cells

Answer 13

G2

Question 14

during the ________ phase, consists of mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 14

M

Question 15

what are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 15

1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase

Question 16

the main protein in control of the checkpoints between G1/S and G2/M is ________

Answer 16

p53

Question 17

molecules responsible for the cell cycle are known as ______________ and ____________

Answer 17

cyclins and cyclin dependepent kinases (cdks)

Question 18

when cyclins bind to cdks, this complex is activated to phosphorylate ______________

Answer 18

transcription factors

Question 19

______________ promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cell cycle

Answer 19

transcription factors

Question 20

what is the most common target of mutations when a cell cycle turns into cancerous?

Answer 20

mutation to the TP53 (gene that produces p53)

Question 21

____________ is when damaged, cancerous cells are able to reach other tissues and spread disease

Answer 21

metastasis

Question 22

what is the end product of 1 cycle of mitosis?

Answer 22

two identical daughter cells created from a single cell

Question 23

explain the chromosome numbers throughout the stages of mitosis

Answer 23

prophase - 2 chroms
metaphase - 2 chroms
anaphase - 4 chroms
telophase 4 chroms
cytokinesis - each daughter cell has 2 chroms

Question 24

___________ involves the condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes

Answer 24

prophase

Question 25

what happens to the centrioles during prophase?

Answer 25

centriole pairs separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell (cenrosome)

Question 26

what is the purpose of centrioles?

Answer 26

form spingle fibers (made of microtubules) responsible for the correct division of DNA

Question 27

what are the two microtubule organizing centers of the cell?

Answer 27

1. centrosome 2. basal body of flagella

Question 28

some microtubules form _________ which anchor the centrioles to the cell membrane

Answer 28

asters

Question 29

T / F - the nuclear membrane dissolves during prophase

Answer 29

true

Question 30

_____________ are protein structures located on the centromeres that serve as attachment piints for specific fibers of the spindle aparatus

Answer 30

kinetochores

Question 31

during __________ the kinetochores interact with the spindle aparatus to align the chromosomes at the metaphase plate

Answer 31

metaphase

Question 32

during _________, the centromeres are split so that each chromatid has its own distinct centromere

Answer 32

anaphase

Question 33

__________ separate during anaphase

Answer 33

sister chromatids

Question 34

what happens to the length of the kinetochore fibers during anaphase?

Answer 34

as the sister chromatids are pulled apart, the kinetochore fibers are shortened

Question 35

what happens to the spingle aparatus, nuclear membrane, chromosomes, and nucleoli during telophase?

Answer 35

spindle apparatus disappears nuclear membrane reforms chromosomes uncoil nucleoli reappears

Question 36

___________ is the separation of the cytoplasm and organelles, giving each daughter cell enough material to survive on its own

Answer 36

cytokinesis