eukaryotic cells

Question 1

_________ are single cells

Answer 1

prokaryotic

Question 2

___________ are multicellular or unicellular

Answer 2

eukaryotic

Question 3

___________ contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

Answer 3

eukaryotic

Question 4

in most eukaryotes, organelles are membrane bound, why?

Answer 4

allowing for compartmentalization of functions

Question 5

membranes of ____________ consists of a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 5

eukaryotes

Question 6

__________ allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

Answer 6

cytosol

Question 7

in the ____________, the genetic material is encoded in DNA, which is then organized into ___________

Answer 7

nucleus
chromosomes

Question 8

eukaryotic cells reproduce by _________

Answer 8

mitosis

Question 9

mitosis results in the formation of what?

Answer 9

two identical daughter cells

Question 10

____________ is a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

Answer 10

nuclear envelope

Question 11

_____________ is the nuclear membrane allow selective two way exchnage of materail between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Answer 11

nuclear pores

Question 12

DNA contains coding regions called ________

Answer 12

genes

Question 13

_______________ is where rRNA is synthesized

Answer 13

nucleolus

Question 14

what is the purpose of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 14

to serve as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondria

Question 15

____________ contains the molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

Answer 15

inner mitochondria membrane

Question 16

what is the purpose of cristae?

Answer 16

to increased the surface area available for the ETC enzymes

Question 17

____________ is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

Answer 17

intermembrane space

Question 18

____________ is the space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 18

matrix

Question 19

what does it mean to refer to the mitochondria as semi-autonomous?

Answer 19

they contain somes of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

Question 20

is the mitochondria a good example of cytoplasmic / extranuclear inheritance?

Answer 20

yes!
cytoplasmic / extranuclear inheritance = transmissions of genetic material independent of the nucleus

Question 21

explain the origin of the mitochondria

Answer 21

engulfing of an aerobic prokaryote by an anaerobic prokaryote resulted in a symbyotic relationship

Question 22

___________ are membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes tat are capable of breaking down many different substrates

Answer 22

lysosomes

Question 23

____________ transport, pakcage, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

Answer 23

endosomes

Question 24

endosomes are capable of transporting materials to what for degradation?

Answer 24

trans-golgi
cell membrane
lysosomal pathways

Question 25

release of endosomes occurs in a process called ____________

Answer 25

autolysis

Question 26

______________ series of interconnected membranes that is contiguous with the nuclear envelope

Answer 26

ER

Question 27

does the ER contain a double membrane?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

______________ permits the translation of protein destined for secretion directly into its lumen

Answer 28

RER

Question 29

__________________ is utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs / poisons

Answer 29

SER

Question 30

SER transports proteins from ______ to ______

Answer 30

RER to golgi

Question 31

___________ consists of stacked membrane bound stacks and is utilized for the modification of cellular products

Answer 31

golgi

Question 32

how can cellular products be modified in the golgi?

Answer 32

addition of ... carbohydrates phosphates sulfates signal sequences

Question 33

if the product is destined for secretion, the secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released via _____________

Answer 33

exocytosis

Question 34

____________ is used to break down long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation

Answer 34

peroxisomes

Question 35

peroxisomes participate in ___________ synthesis and contain some enzymes involved in the __________ pathway

Answer 35

phospholipid pentose phosphate

Question 36

___________ provides structure to the cell, helps it to maintain its shape, and provides a conduit for transport around the cell

Answer 36

cytoskeleton

Question 37

what are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 37

1. microfilaments 2. microtubules 3. intermediate filaments

Question 38

microfilaments are made of of solid polymerized rods of ___________

Answer 38

actin

Question 39

what are some charateristics of microfilaments?

Answer 39

resistant to compression and fracture provides protection for the cell

Question 40

actin can also use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with ___________

Answer 40

myosin

Question 41

what is the role of microfilaments in cytokinesis?

Answer 41

during mitosis, the cleavage furrow is formed frommicrofilaments which organize as a ring at the site of division between the two new daughter cells as the actin filaments contract, the ring becomes smaller, eventually pinhcing off the connection between the two daughter cells

Question 42

microtubules are composed of hollow polymers of __________ proteins

Answer 42

tubulin

Question 43

what is the purpose of microtubules?

Answer 43

provide primary pathways for motor proteins

Question 44

____________ and ________ carry vesicles along the pathways that microtubules create throughout the cell

Answer 44

kinesin and dynein

Question 45

___________ and _________ are motile structures composed of microtubules

Answer 45

cilia and flagella

Question 46

____________ are projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell

Answer 46

cilia

Question 47

what is an example of a place cilia may be found? what does it transport?

Answer 47

respiratory system mucus

Question 48

____________ are structures involved in themovement of the cell itself

Answer 48

flagella

Question 49

what is an example of a place flagella may be found? what does it transport?

Answer 49

reproductive tract sperm cells

Question 50

explain the structure of cilia and flagella

Answer 50

9 + 2 structure (only in eukaryotes) 9 pairs of microtubules forming the outer ring 2 microtubules in the center

Question 51

where are centrioles found?

Answer 51

centrosome

Question 52

_______________ are organizing centers for microtubules

Answer 52

centriolese

Question 53

explain the structure of centrioles

Answer 53

9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center

Question 54

what is the purpose of centrioles during mitosis?

Answer 54

centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitosis spindle microtubules emanate from the centrioles, attach to the chromosomes and exert force on the sister chromatids, breaking them apartw

Question 55

_____________ is where microtubules attached to chromosomes during mitosis

Answer 55

kinetochores

Question 56

__________ are composed of keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamin (filamentous proteins)

Answer 56

intermediate filaments

Question 57

what are some characteristics of intermediate filaments?

Answer 57

withstands large amounts of tension increases structural rigidity of cell helps anchor organelles involved in cell to cell adhesion identity = specific to cell and tissue type

Question 58

what are the four main tissue types?

Answer 58

1. epithelial 2. connective 3. nervous 4. muscular

Question 59

_____________ tissue covers the body, lines its cavitites, and provides a means for protection against pathogen invasion

Answer 59

epithelial

Question 60

what are the major functions of epithelial cells?

Answer 60

absorption secretion sensation

Question 61

epithelial cells are tightly joined to each other and to an underlying layer of connective tisue known as __________

Answer 61

basement membrane

Question 62

in most organs, epithelial cells constitue the ________________ or the functional parts of the organ

Answer 62

parenchyma

Question 63

what does it mean when someone says that epithelial cells are polarized?

Answer 63

one side of the cell faces the lumen, while the other side interacts with underlying blood vessels / structural cells small intestine: 1. involved in nutrients absorption via the lumen 2. releases nutrients into circulation for the body

Question 64

how do we classify epithelia based on the number of layers?

Answer 64

1. stratified (multiple layers) 2. simple (one layer) 3. pseudostratified (looks like multiple layers, but is really only one layer)

Question 65

how do we classify epithelia based on the cell shape?

Answer 65

1. cuboidal (cube shaped cells) 2. columnar (long, tall cells) 3. squamous (flat, scale-like cells)

Question 66

____________ tissue supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions

Answer 66

connective

Question 67

connective tissues are the main contributors to ____________ of the support structure

Answer 67

stroma

Question 68

what are some examples of connective tissue?

Answer 68

bone cartilage tendons ligaments adipose blood

Question 69

most cell in connective tissues produce materials such as ________ and ___________ to form the extracellular matrix

Answer 69

collagen and elastin