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Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Division - Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Flashcards

Cell Division - Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Most cells of the human body undergo _____________, the process by which cells reproduce themselves

A

cell division

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2
Q

The two types of cell division—

A
  • somatic cell division
  • reproductive cell division
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3
Q

2 phases of somatic cell division

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division

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5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

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6
Q

produce two genetically identical cells, each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cell

A

Somatic Cell Division

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7
Q

Reproductive Cell Division produces ______________ the cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms

A

gametes

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8
Q

produces gametes, the cells needed to form the next generation of sexually reproducing organisms

A

Reproductive Cell Division

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9
Q

is an orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two

A

cell cycle

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10
Q

Human cells contain

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46

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11
Q

The two chromosomes that make up each pair are called

A

homologous chromosomes or homologs

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12
Q

The exception to this rule is one pair of chromosomes called the

A

sex chromosomes

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13
Q

females the homologous pair of sex chromosomes consists of two large

A

X chromosomes

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14
Q

males the pair consists of an

A

X and a much smaller Y chromosome

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15
Q

three phases of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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16
Q

cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosilic components; centrosome replication begins

A

G1 phase

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17
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosilic components; centrosome replication begins

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18
Q

DNA replicated

A

S phase

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19
Q

Cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication completed

A

G2 phase

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20
Q

What happens in G2 phase

A

Cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication completed

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21
Q

exit from cell cycle (non-dividing cell)

A

G0

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22
Q

The process results in the exact partitioning of genetic information

A

Mitosis/Mitotic Phase

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23
Q

For convenience, biologists divide the process into four stages:

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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24
Q

prophase chromosome consists of a pair of identical strands called

A

chromatids

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25
Q

holds the chromatid pair together

A

centromere

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26
Q

At the outside of each centromere is a protein complex known as the

A

kinetochore

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27
Q

a football-shaped assembly of microtubules that attach to the kinetochore

A

mitotic spindle

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28
Q

of the mitotic spindle align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the exact center of the mitotic spindle

A

microtubules

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29
Q

This plane of alignment of the centromeres is called the

A

metaphase plate (equatorial plane)

30
Q

The centromeres split, separating the two members of each __________________, which move toward opposite poles of the cell.

A

chromatid pair

31
Q

Once separated, the chromatids are termed

A

chromosomes

32
Q
  • prophase chromosome consists of a pair of identical strands called chromatids.
  • centromere holds the chromatid pair together.
  • At the outside of each centromere is a protein complex known as the kinetochore
  • mitotic spindle, a football-shaped assembly of microtubules that attach to the kinetochore
A

prophase

33
Q
  • The microtubules of the mitotic spindle align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the exact center of the mitotic spindle.
  • This plane of alignment of the centromeres is called the metaphase plate (equatorial plane).
A

metaphase

34
Q
  • The centromeres split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair, which move toward opposite poles of the cell.
  • Once separated, the chromatids are termed chromosomes.
A

anaphase

35
Q
  • The identical sets of chromosomes, now at opposite poles of the cell, uncoil and revert to the threadlike chromatin form.
  • A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli reappear in the identical nuclei, and the mitotic spindle breaks up.
A

telophase

36
Q

As noted earlier, division of a cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells is called

A

cytokinesis

37
Q

This process usually begins in late anaphase with the formation of a cleavage furrow, a slight indentation of the plasma membrane, and is completed after telophase.

A

cytokinesis

38
Q

This process usually begins in late anaphase with the formation of a __________________, a slight indentation of the plasma membrane, and is completed after telophase.

A

cleavage furrow

39
Q

usually appears midway between the centrosomes and extends around the periphery of the cell

A

cleavage furrow

40
Q

period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under light microscope

A

interphase

41
Q

metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosilic components; replication of chromosomes begins

A

g1 phase

42
Q

replication of DNA and centrosomes

A

S phase

43
Q

cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue; replication of centrosomes complete

A

g2 phase

44
Q

parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under light microscope

A

mitotic phase

45
Q

nuclear divison; distribution of two sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei

A

mitosis

46
Q
  • chromatin fibers condensed into paired chromatids
  • nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears
  • each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell
A

prophase

47
Q

centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate

A

metaphase

48
Q
  • centromeres cplit
  • identical set of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell
A

anaphase

49
Q
  • nuclear envolopes and nucleoli reappear
  • contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions
A

cytokinesis

50
Q

the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes), produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half.

A

Meiosis

51
Q

As a result, gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes and thus are

A

haploid cells

52
Q

restores the diploid number of chromosomes

A

Fertilization

53
Q

meiosis occurs in two successive stages:

A

meiosis I and meiosis II

54
Q

Two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous
chromosomes pair off , an event called ___________

A

synapsis

55
Q

The resulting four chromatids form a structure called a

A

tetrad

56
Q

Such an exchange between parts of nonsister (genetically
different) chromatids is called

A

crossing-over

57
Q
  • Two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off , an event called synapsis.
  • The resulting four chromatids form a structure called a tetrad.
  • Parts of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes may be exchanged with one another.
  • Such an exchange between parts of nonsister (genetically different) chromatids is called crossing-over.
A

Prophase I

58
Q
  • the tetrads formed by the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate of the cell, with homologous chromosomes side by side
A

Metaphase I

59
Q
  • The members of each homologous pair of chromosomes separate as they are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the microtubules attached to the centromeres.
  • The paired chromatids, held by a centromere, remain together.
A

Anaphase I

60
Q

Telophase I and cytokinesis of meiosis are
similar to telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis.

A

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

61
Q

cell type in mitosis

A

somatic

62
Q

cell type in meiosis

A

gamete

63
Q

number of divisions in mitosis

A

1

64
Q

number of divisions in meiosis

A

2

65
Q

does mitosis contain tetrads?

A

no

66
Q

does meiosis contain tetrads?

A

yes

67
Q

number of cells in mitosis

A

2

68
Q

number of cells in meiosis

A

4

69
Q

number of chromosomes per cell in mitosis

A

46, or two sets of 23

70
Q

number of chromosomes per cell in meiosis

A

one set of 23

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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