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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Integumentary System - AnaPhy Lab Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is composed of the skin, or cutaneous membrane, plus its accessory structures: hairs, nails, and glands.

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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2
Q

the largest and most visible organ of the body

A

skin

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3
Q

Functions of the Skin

A

Protection - by forming an impenetrable barrier to infectious agents.

Excretion - Through the excretion of sweat, waste products (including lactic acid and urea) are released onto the skin.

Sensations - Numerous sensory receptors in the skin enable sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, pressure, and vibration.

Thermoregulation - Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin enable it to act in thermoregulation by removing excess heat or preventing heat loss.

Synthesis of vitamin D - the skin is the site of the initial steps in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is important for the absorption of calcium from the diet.

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4
Q

The skin is made up of two distinct layers:

A
  • the superficial epidermis
  • underlying dermis
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5
Q

A third layer of tissue that lies deep to the dermis

A

hypodermis

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6
Q

consists of loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

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7
Q

hypodermis consists of

A

loose connective tissue with many blood vessels and adipose tissue

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8
Q

is avascular and composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium and contains four distinct cell types

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

four distinct cell types of the Epidermis

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • dendritic (Langerhans) cells
  • Merkel (tactile) cells
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10
Q

produce the strong waterproofing protein keratin

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

produce the protective pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

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12
Q

are specialized white blood cells that migrate to the epidermis, where they function as phagocytes

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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13
Q

are located at the epidermal–dermal junction and function in light touch reception.

A

Merkel (tactile) cells

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14
Q

thick skin is located where

A

only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

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15
Q

thick skin has how many strata/layers?

A

five

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16
Q

layers of thick skin (from top to bottom)

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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17
Q

thin skin is located where

A

everywhere else in the body

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18
Q

thin skin contains how many layers?

A

4

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19
Q

what strata is absent in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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20
Q

the deepest layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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21
Q

consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) attached to a basement membrane.

A

Stratum Basale

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22
Q

what cells are present in stratum basale?

A

keratinocytes and melanocytes

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23
Q

contains 8–10 layers of cells, mostly keratinocytes that have a “spiny” appearance in histological preparations.

A

Stratum Spinosum

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24
Q

what cells are prominent in stratum spinosum?

A

keratinocytes, dendritic cells

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25
Q

thin and consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes that undergo a drastic change in appearance as they begin to fill with keratin (a process called keratinization)

A

Stratum granulosum

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26
Q

the cells flatten and their organelles, including the nucleus, disintegrate; the cells eventually die.

A

Keratinization

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27
Q

The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they’re cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin

A

Keratinization

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28
Q

stratum lucidum is found only in the

A

thick skin of the palms and soles

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29
Q

found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles

A

stratum lucidum

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30
Q

consists of two to four translucent layers of flat, dead keratinocytes.

A

stratum lucidum

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31
Q

The most superficial epidermal stratum

A

Stratum corneum

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32
Q

is the thickest stratum, consisting of 20–30 layers of cells

A

Stratum corneum

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33
Q

highly vascular

A

dermis

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34
Q

dermis consists of:

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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35
Q

lies immediately deep to the stratum basale and largely consists of loose connective tissue

A

Papillary Layer

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36
Q

it contains finger-like projections called dermal papillae, many of which contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

A

Papillary Layer

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37
Q

contain capillary loops that provide a blood supply to the overlying, avascular epidermis.

A

dermal papillae

38
Q

are prominent on the hands and feet and form dermal ridges that indent the epidermis and form fingerprints.

A

dermal papillae

39
Q

dermal papillae contains

A

tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

40
Q

respond to light touch, or free nerve endings, which function as pain or temperature receptors.

A

Meissner (tactile) corpuscles

41
Q

the deepest layer of the skin

A

Reticular Layer

42
Q

consists largely of dense, irregular connective tissue and accounts for approximately 80% of dermal thickness.

A

Reticular Layer

43
Q

contains an abundance of collagen fibers (for strength), elastic fibers (for flexibility), and reticular fibers (to form a supporting network for dermal structures).

A

Reticular Layer

44
Q

collagen fibers

A

for strength

45
Q

elastic fibers

A

for flexibility

46
Q

reticular fibers

A

to form a supporting network for dermal structures

47
Q
  • their multilayered capsule is specialized to
    detect pressure and vibrations
  • are also located in the reticular layer
A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

48
Q

The accessory structures of the skin include:

A
  • hairs
  • nails
  • glands
49
Q

are found all over the body surface—with the exception of the palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia, and nipples.

A

Hairs

50
Q

Hairs are ound all over the body surface—with the exception of

A

the palms, soles, lips, parts of the external genitalia, and nipples

51
Q

are produced by structures called hair follicles

A

hair

52
Q

Hair consists two basic parts:

A

shaft and root

53
Q

composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and projects from the skin surface

A

shaft

54
Q

is enclosed by the hair follicle projecting down into the dermis

A

root

55
Q

Hair can be seen to consist of three distinct layers of keratinized cells:

A
  • inner medulla
  • middle cortex
  • outer cuticle
56
Q

Hair color is largely determined by the type and amount of

A

melanin within the cortex.

57
Q

is formed by layers of epidermal tissue, called the epithelial root sheath, that is surrounded by a dermal root sheath composed of connective tissue.

A

Hair follicle

58
Q

bundle of smooth muscle fibers that attaches to the dermal root sheath

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

59
Q

causes goosebumps

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

60
Q

knob-like base of the hair root

A

Hair Bulb

61
Q

hair bulb contains the

A

matrix/hair matrix

62
Q

the living, mitotically active part of the hair that adds new hair cells to the base of the hair root

A

matrix/hair matrix

63
Q

are connected to the base of the hair bulb.

A

Sensory receptors

64
Q

a small projection of dermal tissue from the dermal root sheath that protrudes into the hair bulb

A

Hair Papilla

65
Q

hair papilla contains _______________that supply the
growing hair cells with oxygen and nutrients

A

capillaries

66
Q

are modifications of the epidermis that protect the dorsal ends of the fingers and toes

A

Nails

67
Q

These structures are associated with a nail:

A
  • two nail folds
  • eponychium (or cuticle)
  • lunula
68
Q

the folds of skin along either side of the nail body

A

Two nail folds

69
Q

the thick fold at the proximal end of the nail

A

Eponychium (or cuticle)

70
Q

the white, crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail.

A

Lunula

71
Q

rests on a region of the epidermis called the nail bed.

A

nail body

72
Q

where the nail body rests

A

nail bed

73
Q

The thickened proximal portion of the nail bed

A

Nail matrix

74
Q

is responsible for nail growth

A

Nail matrix

75
Q

are exocrine glands—glands that release their secretory products onto external or internal body surfaces

A

Sebaceous Glands

76
Q

Sebaceous Glands secrete an oily, acidic substance called
_______________ into hair follicles, although some deposit sebum directly onto the skin surface.

A

sebum

77
Q

Sebaceous Glands are located

A

located in skin everywhere except the palms and soles

78
Q

oily, acidic substance

A

sebum

79
Q

acts as a lubricant that keeps the skin and hair soft and moist and deters the growth of infectious agents.

A

Sebum

80
Q

consist of a coiled secretory component and a duct composed of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Sweat Glands

81
Q

Two types of glands produce sweat:

A

eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

82
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands are distributed

A

all over the body

83
Q

they secrete sweat that is primarily water but also contains salts and waste products.

A

Eccrine Sweat Glands

84
Q

primary function of eccrine sweat glands is

A

temperature regulation

85
Q

confined to the groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple.

A

apocrine sweat glands

86
Q

apocrine sweat glands are confined to the

A

groin, axillae, and the areola around each nipple

87
Q

They tend to be larger and deeper in the dermis than eccrine sweat glands, and they have ducts that empty into hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat glands

88
Q

activated at puberty

A

apocrine sweat glands

89
Q

apocrine sweat glands respond to

A

pain, emotional stress, and sexual stimulation

90
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands secretions also contain proteins. These secretions are odorless, but when released onto the skin they are metabolized by bacteria, producing

A

body odor

91
Q

layers of epidermal tissue that forms the hair follicle

A

epidermal root sheath

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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