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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissues - Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Flashcards

Tissues - Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

are collections of structurally similar cells with related functions

A

Tissues

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2
Q

The four primary tissues are
__________, _________,
__________, and _________ tissues.

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

Function of Nervous tissue

A

Internal communication

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4
Q

Location of Nervous Tissue

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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5
Q

Function of Muscle Tissue

A

Contracts to cause movement

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6
Q

Location of Muscle Tissue

A
  • Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)
  • Muscles of heart (cardiac)
  • Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
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7
Q

Function of Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

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8
Q

Location of Epithelial tissue

A
  • Skin surface (epidermis)
  • Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
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9
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

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10
Q

Location of Connective Tissue

A
  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Fat and other soft padding tissue
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11
Q

Epithelial tissue is the ________, _______, and ________ tissue of
the body.

A

covering, lining and glandular

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12
Q

Two main types of Epithelium (by location)

A
  • Covering and lining epithelia
  • Glandular epithelia
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13
Q

where to find Covering and lining epithelia

A

On external and internal surfaces

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14
Q

where to find Glandular epithelia

A

Secretory tissue in glands

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15
Q

Cells have ____________.

A

polarity

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16
Q

Special characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Cells have polarity
  2. Are composed of closely packed cells
  3. Supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina
  4. avascular but innervated
  5. high rate of regenaration
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17
Q

2 surfaces of epithelial tissue

A
  • apical (upper, free) surface
  • basal (lower, attached) surface
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18
Q

may bear microvilli (e.g., brush border of intestinal lining) or cilia (e.g., lining of trachea)

A

apical surface

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19
Q

faces the lumen (inside of a hollow organ)

A

apical surface

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20
Q

is adjacent to the underlying tissue.

A

basal surface

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21
Q

How many layers does simple epithelium have?

A

1

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22
Q

How many layers does stratified epithelium have?

A

2 or more

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23
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
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24
Q

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei
and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

function of Simple squamous epithelium

A

allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
in sites where protection is not nimportant; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

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26
Q

location of Simple squamous epithelium

A

Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

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27
Q

description of simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei
and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.

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28
Q

Description of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

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29
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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30
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

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31
Q

description of simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells
bear cilia; layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).

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32
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

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33
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

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34
Q

Description of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells with differing heights some not reaching
the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucussecreting cells and bear cilia.

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35
Q

Function of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by
ciliary action.

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36
Q

Location of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of
large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

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37
Q

Description of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface
cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

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38
Q

Function of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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39
Q

Location of Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety
forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

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40
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia

A
  • Quite rare in body
  • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
  • Typically two cell layers thick
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41
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Limited distribution in body
  • Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
  • Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
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42
Q

Description of Transitional epithelium

A

resembles of stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.

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43
Q

Function of Transitional epithelium

A

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ
by contained urine.

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44
Q

Location of Transitional epithelium

A

Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.

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45
Q

Connective tissue is the most ______________and ______________ distributed tissue type.

A

abundant; widely

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46
Q

Four classes of connective tissue

A
  • connectice tissue proper
  • cartilage
  • bone tissue
  • blood
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47
Q

subclasses of connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
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48
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • adipore
  • reticular
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49
Q

types of dense connective tissue

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
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50
Q

types of bone tissue

A
  • compact bone
  • spongy bone
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51
Q

Major Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  • binding and support
  • protection
  • insulation
  • transportation (blood)
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52
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissues have:
- varying degrees of vascularity
- Cells separated by non-living extracellular matrix

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53
Q

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

A
  • ground substance
  • cells
  • fibers
54
Q

Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

A

Ground substance

55
Q

component of ground substance

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Adhesion proteins (“glue”)
  • Proteoglycans
56
Q

Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)

A

Proteoglycans

57
Q

Trap water in varying amounts, affecting the viscosity of the
ground substance

A

Proteoglycans

58
Q

Three types of fibers

A

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

59
Q

(white fibers)
- Strongest and most abundant type
- Provides high tensile strength

A

collagen fibers

60
Q

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch

A

elastic fibers

61
Q

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

A

reticular fibers

62
Q

Mitotically active and secretory cells

A

“blasts”

63
Q

Mature cells

A

“cytes”

64
Q

cells in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

65
Q

cells in cartilage

A

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

66
Q

cells in bone

A

osteoblast and osteocytes

67
Q

cells in bone marrow

A

hematopoietic stem cells

68
Q

Description of loose connective tissue

A

gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

69
Q

Function of loose connective tissue

A

wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize
bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.

70
Q

Location of loose connective tissue, areolar

A

Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.

71
Q

Description of adipose tissue

A

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

72
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

provides reserve food fuel; insulate against heat loss; supports and protects organs.

73
Q

Location of adipose tissue

A

Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and
eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

74
Q

Description of Reticular Tissue

A

Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

75
Q

Function of Reticular Tissue

A

Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

76
Q

Location of Reticular Tissue

A

Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

77
Q

Description of dense regular connective tissue

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.

78
Q

Function of dense regular connective tissue

A

Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones
to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

79
Q

Location of dense regular connective tissue

A

Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.

80
Q

description of dense irregular connective tissue

A

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.

81
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.

82
Q

location of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

83
Q

description of elastic connective tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue containing a high
proportion of elastic fibers

84
Q

function of elastic connective tissue

A

Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

85
Q

location of elastic connective tissue

A

Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

86
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

87
Q

description of hyaline cartilage

A

Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an
imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.

88
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties;
resists compressive stress.

89
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends
of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

90
Q

description of elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but with more elastic fibers in matrix

91
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

92
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.

93
Q

Description of fibrocartilage

A

Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.

94
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

95
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee
joint.

96
Q

Description of bone (osseous tissue)

A

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.

97
Q

Function of bone (osseous tissue)

A

Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

98
Q

Location of bone (osseous tissue)

A

Bones

99
Q

Description of Blood

A

Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).

100
Q

Function of Blood

A

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

101
Q

Location of blood

A

Contained within blood vessels.

102
Q

recieve electrical and chemical messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

103
Q

processess incoming signals and generates outgoing signals

A

cell body

104
Q

sends outgoing signals to axon terminals

A

axons

105
Q

make contact with nearby cells and transmit signals to them

A

axon terminals

106
Q

a single glial cells wraps itself around an axon to form a segment of the ___________________

A

myelin sheath

107
Q

Nervous Tissue is made up of

A

neurons and neuroglial cells

108
Q

Description of Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body;
also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells

109
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A

transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity

110
Q

3 types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

111
Q

Location of Nervous Tissue

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

112
Q

Description of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations

113
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control.

114
Q

Location of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

115
Q

Description of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs).

116
Q

Function of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

As it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control.

117
Q

Location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

The walls of the heart.

118
Q

Description of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.

119
Q

Function of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.

120
Q

Location of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

121
Q

continuous multicellular sheets composed of atleast two primary tissue types:

A

1) epithelium bound to an underlying layer of
2) connective tissue proper

122
Q

line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body
such as the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts

A

Mucous Membranes

123
Q

they are “wet,” or moist, membranes bathed by secretions or, in the case of the urinary mucosa, urine

A

Mucous Membranes

124
Q

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

A

Serous Membranes

125
Q

Types of Serous Membranes

A

Pleurae
Pericardium
Peritoneum

126
Q

line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs

A

Pleurae

127
Q

encloses the heart

A

Pericardium

128
Q

encloses the abdominopelvic viscer

A

Peritoneum

129
Q

requires that cells divide and migrate activities that are initiated by growth factors (wound hormones) released by injured cells.

A

Tissue Repair

130
Q

Repair occurs in two major ways:

A

Regeneration and Fibrosis

131
Q

replaces destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

A

Regeneration

132
Q

fibrous connective tissue proliferates to form scar tissue

A

Fibrosis

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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