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Anatomy and Physiology > Histology - Anaphy and Physiology Laboratory > Flashcards

Histology - Anaphy and Physiology Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

is a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions

A

tissue

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2
Q

is the study of the normal structure of tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

Four tissue types in the adult human body:

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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4
Q

covers and lines all body surfaces and cavities

A

Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

very widespread and performs binding, support, protection, and transport functions

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

contracts and generates force

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

generates, sends, and receives electrical signals throughout the body

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

Each of the body’s organs is composed of

A

two or more tissue types

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9
Q

The innermost layer of the intestinal wall consists largely of _________________________ that secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

A

epithelial tissue

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9
Q

The small intestine, for example, contains

A

all four tissue types

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10
Q

The innermost layer of the intestinal wall consists largely of epithelial tissue that

A

secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

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11
Q

The second layer the intestinal wall consists of ___________________________________ that supports the epithelium and contains a rich supply of blood vessels that carry absorbed nutrients away from the small intestine

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

The second layer the intestinal wall consists of connective tissue that

A

supports the epithelium and contains a rich supply of blood vessels that carry absorbed nutrients away from the small intestine

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13
Q

The third layer consists of ________________________ which contracts to mix the intestinal contents and propel them toward the large intestine

A

smooth muscle tissue

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14
Q

The third layer consists of smooth muscle tissue which

A

contracts to mix the intestinal contents and propel them toward the large intestine

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15
Q

penetrating all the layers of the intestinal wall transmit sensory information from the small intestine to the CNS, and motor commands from the CNS to the smooth muscle layers

A

Nerve fibers

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16
Q

Nerve fibers penetrating all the layers of the intestinal wall

A

transmit sensory information from the small intestine to the CNS, and motor commands from the CNS to the smooth muscle layers

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17
Q

covers both internal body surfaces (such as the inner lining of the stomach) and external body surfaces (such as the skin).

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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18
Q
  • it also forms glands, such as sweat glands
A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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19
Q

performs a wide variety of functions, including transport (diffusion and active transport), secretion, and protection.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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20
Q

consists of tightly packed cells sitting on an adhesive, acellular structure called a basement membrane, which attaches it to underlying connective tissue.

A

Epithelium

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21
Q

an adhesive, acellular structure which attaches epithelium to underlying connective tissue

A

Basement membrane

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue is ______________—it has no blood supply of its own.

A

avascular

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23
Q

Epithelial tissue is avascular—

A

it has no blood supply of its own

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24
Q

Each epithelium has two basic characteristics:

A
  • the number of cell layers
  • the shape of its cells
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25
Q

Epithelia that have a single layer of cells

A

Simple Epithelia

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26
Q

Epithelia that have two or more layers

A

Stratified Epithelia

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27
Q

Epithelial cells are either:

A
  • flattened (squamous)
  • cube shaped (cuboidal)
  • column shaped (columnar)
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28
Q

flattened

A

squamous

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29
Q

cube shaped

A

cuboidal

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30
Q

column shaped

A

columnar

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31
Q

Epithelia are named according to the

A

combination of cell shape and number of cell layers

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32
Q

A single layer of flattened epithelial cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Example is the air sacs in the lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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34
Q

example of Simple squamous epithelium

A

air sacs in the lungs

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35
Q

A single layer of cube-shaped epithelial cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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36
Q

example of Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules

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37
Q

a single layer of column-shaped cells

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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38
Q

found in the small intestine.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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39
Q

consists of two or more cell layers in which the basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, but the apical cells are flattened.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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40
Q
  • those closest to the basement membrane
  • are cuboidal or columnar
A

Basal cells

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41
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia are subdivided into two types:

A
  • nonkeratinized
  • keratinized
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42
Q

the outermost layer of cells is living

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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43
Q

the outermost cells are dead and filled with the waterproofing protein keratin

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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44
Q

waterproofing protein

A

Keratin

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45
Q

Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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46
Q

whereas two or more layers of column-shaped cells

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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47
Q

The number of layers directly determines the ______________ of epithelial tissue

A

function

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48
Q

The single cell layer of simple epithelia easily

A

permits passage of materials across it, so they are important in transport and secretion.

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49
Q

The many cell layers in stratified epithelia

A

provide protection against friction and abrasion

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50
Q

There are two unique examples of simple and stratified epithelia:

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Transitional Epithelium
51
Q

consists of column-shaped cells of differing heights containing nuclei at different levels of the cells

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

52
Q

this epithelium appears to be stratified, but because every cell rests on the basement membrane, it consists of only a single layer of cells.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

53
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium can be

A

ciliated or nonciliated.

54
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in

A

trachea

55
Q

is a stratified epithelium found only in the urinary system

A

Transitional epithelium

56
Q

the unique dome-shaped cells on its apical surface change shape according to the degree of stretch required of the structure in which they are found

A

Transitional epithelium

57
Q

the apical cells in transitional epithrlium are ______________ when the structure is distended, and __________________ when the structure is empty

A

flattened; rounded (dome shaped)

58
Q

is the body’s most widespread tissue type

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

59
Q

consist of scattered cells embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

60
Q

is composed of a ground substance plus various types of protein fibers and ranges from a liquid (as in blood) to a solid (as in bone).

A

Matrix

61
Q

Protein fibers include:

A
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
62
Q

give the tissue strength and resist tension and pressure

A

collagen fibers

63
Q

give the tissue flexibility

A

elastic fibers

64
Q

provide a supporting network for the entire tissue.

A

reticular fibers

65
Q

The various combinations of ground substance, protein fibers, and cells enable connective tissue to perform a large variety of functions:

A

binding, support, protection, and transport

66
Q

Connective tissues can be divided into two groups:

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • specialized connective tissue
67
Q

connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
  • reticular tissue
  • adipose tissue
68
Q

specialized connective tissue

A
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
69
Q

Connective tissue proper contains four major types of cells:

A
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
70
Q
  • The most prominent cells
  • produce the protein fibers of the ECM
A

Fibroblasts

71
Q
  • fat cells
  • filled with lipid droplets
  • found in many different connective tissues
A

Adipocytes

72
Q

Two specialized types of leukocytes:

A
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
73
Q

phagocytic

A

Macrophages

74
Q

function in inflammation

A

Mast cells

75
Q

Connective tissue proper includes four types of tissue:

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Reticular tissue
  • Adipose tissue
76
Q

Loose connective tissue are also known as

A

areolar connective tissue

77
Q

provides support and protection in the walls of hollow organs and membranes lining body cavities.

A

Loose connective tissue

78
Q

consists of fibroblasts and all three types of protein fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance, plus scattered macrophages, mast cells, and fat cells.

A

Loose connective tissue

79
Q

primary component is protein fibers, which provide strength

A

Dense connective tissue

80
Q

provide strength

A

protein fibers

81
Q

The three types of dense connective tissue are:

A
  • Dense regular
  • Dense irregular (collagen fibers)
  • Dense regular elastic (elastic)
82
Q
  • found in tendons and ligaments
A

Dense regular connective tissue

83
Q

resists unidirectional stress because of the parallel arrangement of fibers

A

Dense regular connective tissue

84
Q

found in the deep layer of thick skin and around joints

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

85
Q

resists stress from every direction because of the haphazard arrangement of fibers

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

86
Q

primarily contains elastic fibers

A

Elastic connective tissue

87
Q

allows stretch and recoil in large blood vessels and certain ligaments

A

Elastic connective tissue

88
Q

the fine network of fibers that forms the structure of many organs and supports small structures such as blood vessels and leukocytes

A

Reticular Tissue

89
Q

is found in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

A

Reticular Tissue

90
Q

adipose tissue consists primarily of

A

adipocytes

91
Q

functions in insulation, warmth, shock absorption, and energy storage

A

adipose tissue

92
Q

found deep to the skin; in the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, and thighs; and surrounding the heart and abdominal organs

A

adipose tissue

93
Q

perform more specialized functions than does connective tissue proper

A

Specialized Connective Tissues

94
Q

functions in support, maintaining the shape of structures, and shock absorption

A

Cartilage

95
Q

the major cells in cartilage are

A

Chondrocytes

96
Q

The three types of cartilage are:

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
97
Q

found in the trachea and between bones in joints

A

Hyaline cartilage

98
Q

found between intervertebral discs

A

Fibrocartilage

99
Q

found in the external ear and the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

100
Q

functions in support and protection

A

Bone

101
Q

serves as attachment sites for muscles, produces blood, and stores fat and minerals

A

Bone

102
Q

major cells of bones are

A

osteocytes

103
Q

Blood contains three so-called “formed elements”:

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
104
Q
  • red blood cells
  • transport oxygen
A

erythrocytes

105
Q
  • white blood cells
  • function in immunity
A

leukocytes

106
Q

function in blood clotting

A

Platelets

107
Q

located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

Nervous Tissue

108
Q

Nervous tissue contains two types of cells:

A
  • neurons
  • neurological cells
109
Q

transmit electrical signals to, from, and within the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).

A

Neurons

110
Q

their structure is highly adapted for sending and receiving electrical impulses.

A

Neurons

111
Q

neurons have two types of cell processes:

A
  • dendrites
  • axons
112
Q

receive and carry impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

113
Q

carry impulses away from the cell body.

A

Axons

114
Q

Neuroglial cells are also referred to as

A

supporting cells

115
Q

they support, anchor, monitor, nourish, and insulate neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

116
Q

are unable to transmit electrical signals

A

Neuroglial cells

117
Q

most neuroglial cells are unable to transmit electrical signals and are thus considered

A

nonirritable

118
Q

There are three types of muscle tissue: (all of which are capable of contraction)

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Muscle cells (smooth muscle)
119
Q
  • attached to bone
  • are long and cylindrical, multinucleate, and surrounded by a thin connective tissue sheath called endomysium
A

Skeletal muscle

120
Q

skeletal muscle appear striated (striped) due to the particular arrangement within them of the contractile myofilaments ______________________

A

actin and myosin

121
Q

skeletal muscle are under

A

voluntary control

122
Q

thin connective tissue sheath

A

Endomysium

123
Q
  • found only in the heart
  • are short, branched, typically uninucleate cells that are interconnected by intercalated discs and surrounded by endomysium.
A

Cardiac muscle

124
Q

cardiac msucle are striated but

A

not under voluntary control

125
Q

are thin, uninucleate, tapered cells that lack striations

A

Smooth muscle

126
Q

smooth muscle are

A

not voluntarily controlled

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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