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Anatomy and Physiology > Homeostasis and Cells > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

All cells arise from _______________ in which one cell divides into _______________

A

existing cells; two identical cells

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2
Q

The average adult human body consists of more
than

A

100 trillion cells

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3
Q

are the basic, living, structural, and functional units of the body

A

Cells

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4
Q

The scientific study of cells is called

A

cell biology or cytology

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5
Q

-first lenses used in Europe
-used to determine cloth quality (weave and precision)
-combos of lenses gave better view

A

Late 1500’s

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6
Q

Leeuwenhoek uses microscope to study nature

A

Early 1600’s

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7
Q

uses microscope to study nature

A

Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

first to view pond water organisms

A

Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

First to see living microscopic organisms

A

Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

*Leeuwenhoek
*first to view pond water
organisms
*First to see living
Microscopic organisms
*Made careful sketches

A

Early 1600’s

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11
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in _____________
- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond
scum & discovered single-celled organisms

A

1673

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12
Q

Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1673 used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & ______________________________

A

discovered single-celled organisms

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14
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms and called them

A

animalcules

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15
Q

*He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans
* Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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16
Q

Used light microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissues – cork

A

Robert Hooke ( 1665)

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17
Q

Looked empty, like monk’s chamber
Called tiny chambers

A

cells

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18
Q

*German Botanist (plants)
*All plants looked at were made of cells, so concluded:
*“All plants are made of cells.”

A

Matthias Schleiden 1838

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19
Q
  • German scientist who studied animals – zoologist
    *Saw that all animals he studied were cellular so concluded:
    *“All animals are made of cells.”
A

Theodore Schwann – 1839

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20
Q

*German physician who studied cell reproduction
*“Where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell…..”

A

Rudolf Virchow – 1855

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21
Q

Discovery of cell (Timeline)

A

*Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) : CELL
*Robert Brown (1831) : NUCLEUS
*Johannes Purkinje (1830s) : PROTOPLASM
*Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden (1839)
*Rudolf Virchow (1855)

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22
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
  • New cells are produced from existing cells
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23
Q

Parts of a cell 9that can be seen in a compund microscope)

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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24
Q

forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment (everything inside the cell) from the
external environment (everything outside the cell).

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

Cytoplasm has two components

A

cytosol and organelles

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27
Q

is a large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA.

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

Within the nucleus, each chromosome, a single molecule of DNA associated with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units called _________ that control most
aspects of cellular structure and function.

A

genes

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29
Q

The plasma membrane, a flexible yet sturdy barrier that
surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell, is best
described by using a structural model called the

A

fluid mosaic model

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30
Q

is the basic structural framework of the plasma
membrane

A

Lipid Bilayer

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31
Q

Lipid Bilayer is made up of 3 types of lipid molecules

A
  • 75% - phospholipids (lipids that contain phosphorus)
  • 20% - cholesterol (a steroid with an attached -OH (hydroxyl) group)
  • 5% - glycolipids (lipids with attached carbohydrate groups)
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32
Q

What is the polar part in phospholipids?

A

phosphate containing “head,” which is hydrophilic

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33
Q

hydro

A

water

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34
Q

philic

A

loving

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35
Q

What are the non-polar part in phospholipids?

A

2 long fatty acid “tails,” which are hydrophobic hydrocarbon
chains.

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36
Q

Arrangement of Membrane Proteins:

A

Integral proteins and Peripheral proteins

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36
Q

extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are
firmly embedded in it

A

Integral proteins

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37
Q

Most integral proteins are _________________, which means that they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.

A

transmembrane proteins

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38
Q

they span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

A

transmembrane proteins

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39
Q

are not as firmly embedded in the membrane.

A

Peripheral proteins

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40
Q

They are attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

A

Peripheral proteins

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41
Q

Many integral proteins are _______________ with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

A

glycoproteins

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42
Q

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

A

glycoproteins

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43
Q

Carbohydrates are ____________________

A

oligosaccharides

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44
Q

oligo

A

few

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45
Q

saccharides

A

sugars

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46
Q

chains of 2 to 60 monosaccharides that may be straight or
branched

A

carbohydrates/oligosaccharides

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47
Q

The carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat called the

A

glycocalyx

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48
Q

The pattern of carbohydrates in the glycocalyx __________________________________________________

A

varies from one cell to another

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49
Q

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
  2. Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
  3. Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
  4. Participates in intercellular signaling.
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50
Q

are fluid structures because the lipids and many of the proteins are free to rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer.

A

Membranes

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51
Q

largely reflect the functions a cell can perform.

A

Membrane proteins

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52
Q

Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get
across membrane. Most plasma membranes include
specific channels for several common ions.

A

lon channel (integral)

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53
Q

transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape. For example, amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter the body via carriers

A

carrier (integral)

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54
Q

Carrier proteins are also known as

A

transporters

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55
Q

Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in
some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds
to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes

A

Receptor (integral)

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56
Q

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on
which direction the active site faces). For example lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink.

A

Enzyme (integral and peripheral)

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57
Q

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma
membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.

A

Linker (integral and peripheral)

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58
Q

Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). An important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins

A

Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

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59
Q

MHC means

A

major histocompatibility

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60
Q

Membranes are _____________________; that is, most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer

A

fluid structures

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61
Q

means that a structure permits the passage of substances through it

A

permeable

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62
Q

means that a structure does not permit the passage of substances through it

A

impermeable

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63
Q

Membranes are fluid structures; that is, most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily

A

rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer

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64
Q

of the plasma membrane to different substances
varies.

A

permeability

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65
Q

Plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more
readily than others. This property of membranes is termed

A

selective permeability

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66
Q

membrane proteins can be structurized according to:

A

Structure and Function

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67
Q

For Structure Membrane Proteins (2) :

A

Integral and Peripheral Proteins

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68
Q

For Function Membrane Proteins (4):

A

Membrane Transporters
Structural Proteins
Membrane Enzymes
Membrane Receptors

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69
Q

Types of Membrane Transport Proteins

A

Carrier proteins
Channel proteins

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70
Q

Channel Proteins form

A

Open Channels and Gated Channels

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71
Q

Types of gated channels

A

Mechanically gated channel
Voltage-gated channel
Chemically-gated channel

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72
Q

Structural Proteins are found in

A

Cell junctions and cytoskeleton

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73
Q

Membrane enzymes are active in

A

metabolism and signal transfer

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74
Q

membrane receptors activate

A

membrane enzymes

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75
Q

membrane receptors are active in

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis and signal transfer

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76
Q

membrane receptors open and close

A

chemically gated channel

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77
Q

embedded in lipid bilayer

A

Transport Proteins

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78
Q

channel for lipid insoluble molecules and ions to pass freely through

A

Channel Proteins

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79
Q

bind to a substance and carry it across membrane, change shape in process

A

Carrier Proteins

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80
Q

create a water-filled pore

A

channel proteins

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81
Q

open and close in response to signals

A

gated channels

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82
Q

or pores are usually open

A

open channels

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83
Q

never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane

A

carrier proteins

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84
Q

carrier proteins can be classified as

A

uniport carriers, symport carriers, antiport carriers

85
Q

cotransporters

A

symport carriers and antiport carriers

86
Q

Substance Permeability Across Membrane

A

Few molecules move freely: Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

87
Q

uses energy of molecular motion. does not require ATP

A

Diffusion

88
Q

Requires energy from ATP

A

primary and secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis

89
Q

2 types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

90
Q

primary active transport creates concentration gradient for

A

secondary active transport

91
Q

uses a membrane-bound vesicle

A

endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis

92
Q

mediated transport requires a membrane protein

A

secondary active transport

93
Q

molecules goes through lipid bilayer

A

simple diffusion

94
Q

a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).

A

Passive processes

95
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Osmosis
  3. Facilitated diffusion
96
Q

molecules move to equalize concentration

A

Diffusion

97
Q
  • Special form of diffusion; Fluid flows from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
  • Often involves movement of water: Into cell/Out of cell
A

Osmosis

98
Q

solvent + solute =

A

solution

99
Q

– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell

A

Hypotonic

100
Q

– Solutes equal inside & out of cell

A

Isotonic

101
Q

– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell

A

Hypertonic

102
Q

is a specific type of diffusion; it is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration.

A

Osmosis

103
Q
  • Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
  • Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
  • No energy is used
A

Facilitated Diffusion

104
Q

How Facilitated Diffusion works

A
  1. Protein binds with molecule
  2. Shape of protein changes
  3. Molecule moves across membrane
105
Q

movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system

A

Filtration

106
Q

Molecular movement requires energy (against gradient)

A

Active Transport

107
Q

Example of active transport is

A

sodium-potassium pump

108
Q

process of sodium-potassium pump

A

The sodium-potassium pump system moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients. It moves two potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.

Three sodium ions bind with the protein pump inside the cell. The carrier protein then gets energy from ATP and changes shape. In doing so, it pumps the three sodium ions out of the cell. At that point, two potassium ions from outside the cell bind to the protein pump. The potassium ions are then transported into the cell, and the process repeats. The sodium-potassium pump is found in the plasma membrane of almost every human cell and is common to all cellular life. It helps maintain cell potential and regulates cellular volume.

109
Q

Movement of Phagocytosis is

A

To the ICF

110
Q

Vesicles of Phagocytosis is

A

Large membrane bound vesicle

111
Q

Function of Phagocytosis is

A

engulfs a bacterium or other particle

112
Q

Mechanism of Phagocytosis is

A

phagosome pinches off from the cell membrane

113
Q

Movement of Endocytosis is

A

To the ICF

114
Q

Vesicles of Endocytosis is

A

Smaller vesicles

114
Q

Function of Endocytosis is

A

To move large molecules or particles into cells

115
Q

Mechanism of Endocytosis is

A

membrane surface indents, could be nonselective or receptor mediated

116
Q

Movement of Exocytosis is

A

To the ECF

117
Q

Vesicles of Exocytosis is

A

Intracellular vesicles

118
Q

Function of Exocytosis is

A

export large lipophobic molecules, (proteins), get rid of wastes left in lysosomes, insert proteins into the cell membrane

119
Q

Mechanism of Exocytosis is

A

Rabs, help vesicles dock onto the membrane, & SNAREs, which facilitate membrane fusion

120
Q
  • Movement of large material
    - Particles
    - Organisms
    - Large molecules
  • Movement is into cells
A

Endocytosis

121
Q

Types of endocytosis

A
  • bulk-phase (nonspecific)
  • receptor-mediated (specific)
122
Q

Process of Endocytosis

A
  1. Plasma membrane surrounds material
  2. Edges of membrane meet
  3. Membranes fuse to form vesicle
123
Q

Forms of Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

124
Q

cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

125
Q

cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

126
Q
  • Reverse of endocytosis
  • Cell discharges material
A

Exocytosis

127
Q

Process of Exocytosis

A
  1. Vesicle moves to cell surface
  2. Membrane of vesicle fuses
  3. Materials expelled
128
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cell that can be seen under a compound microscope?

A

Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm

129
Q

all the cellular contents within the plasma membrane except for the nucleus—consists of

A

cytosol and organelles

130
Q

—all the cellular contents within the plasma membrane except for the nucleus—consists of cytosol and organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

131
Q

is the fluid portion of cytoplasm, containing water, ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, and waste products

A

Cytosol

132
Q

It is the site of many chemical reactions required for a cell’s existence

A

Cytosol

133
Q

are specialized structures with characteristic shapes that have specific functions

A

Organelles

134
Q
  • is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol
A

Cytoskeleton

135
Q

are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

136
Q

proteins in microfilament

A

actin and myosin

137
Q

They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.

A

Microfilaments

138
Q

are thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules

A

Intermediate filaments

139
Q

the largest of the cytoskeletal components, are long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the
protein tubulin.

A

Microtubules

140
Q

The assembly of microtubules begins in an organelle called the

A

centrosome

141
Q

Function of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Serves as a scaffold that helps determine a cell’s shape
    and organize the cellular contents.
  2. Aids movement of organelles within the cell, of
    chromosomes during cell division, and of whole cells such
    as phagocytes.
142
Q

are specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes, and they perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

A

Organelles

143
Q

What structure of the cell which has a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix?

A

centrosome

144
Q

microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosome

145
Q

Centrosome (microtubule organizing center), is located near the nucleus, consists of two components:

A

a pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix

146
Q

Functions of the Centrosomes

A
  1. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome contains tubulins that build microtubules in nondividing cells.
  2. The centriols of the centrosome forms the mitotic spindle during cell division.
147
Q

are cylindrical structures, each composed of nine
clusters of three microtubules (triplets) arranged in a circular pattern

A

Centrioles

148
Q

Surrounding the centrioles is the _____________________, which contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

A

pericentriolar matrix

149
Q

forms the mitotic spindle during cell division

A

centrioles

150
Q
  • are numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell
  • Each contains 20 microtubules
A

Cilia

151
Q

Each is anchored to a basal body just below the surface of the plasma membrane

A

Cilia

152
Q

Each cilia is anchored to a _______________ just below the surface of the plasma membrane

A

basal body

153
Q

singular of cilia is

A

cilium

154
Q
  • are similar in structure to cilia but are typically much longer
  • Usually move an entire cell
A

Flagella

155
Q

Generates forward motion along its axis by rapidly wiggling in a wavelike pattern.

A

Flagella

156
Q

It is the only example of a flagellum in the human body

A

sperm

157
Q

What is the functional difference between cilia and flagella?

A

The motion of cilia is rotational, very fast moving. The motion of flagella is rotary movement in prokaryotes whereas it is bending movement in eukaryotes.

158
Q

The site of protein synthesis is?

A

Ribosomes

159
Q

The name of these tiny structures (ribosomes) reflects their high content of one type of ribonucleic acid (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA), but each ribosome also includes more than

A

50 proteins

160
Q

Structurally, a ribosome consists of two subunits, one about half the size of the other. What are these subunits?

A

large and small subunits

161
Q

Where are subunits of ribosomes synthesized and assembled?

A

nucleolus

162
Q

is a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

163
Q

is continuous with the nuclear membrane and is usually folded into flattened sacs.

A

Rough ER

164
Q

In some cases, enzymes attach the proteins to carbohydrates to form

A

glycoproteins

165
Q

In other cases, enzymes attach the proteins to phospholipids, also synthesized by

A

rough ER

166
Q

These molecules may be incorporated into the membranes of organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted via exocytosis.

A

glycoproteins and phospholipids

167
Q

produces secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and many organellar proteins

A

rough ER

168
Q

extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules

A

Smooth ER

169
Q

does not have ribosomes on the outer surfaces of its membrane

A

Smooth ER

170
Q

contains unique enzymes that make it functionally more diverse than rough ER

A

Smooth ER

171
Q

Because it lacks ribosomes, smooth ER does not synthesize proteins, but it does synthesize ________________________________________, such as estrogens
and testosterone.

A

fatty acids and steroids

172
Q

However, smooth ER contains unique enzymes that make it
functionally more diverse than rough ER. Because it lacks
ribosomes, smooth ER does not synthesize proteins, but it
does synthesize fatty acids and steroids, such as

A

estrogens and testosterone

173
Q

It consists of 3 to 20 cisterns (sis-TER-nē = cavities; singular is cistern), small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edge.

A
  • Golgi complex
174
Q

(cis) face is a cistern that faces the rough ER

A

Convex entry

175
Q

(trans)face is a cistern that faces the plasma membrane

A

Concave exit

176
Q

Sacs between the entry and exit faces are called

A

medial cisterns

177
Q

What are the three general destinations for proteins that leave the Golgi complex?

A

lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion

178
Q

Often referred to as the “digestive organelles” of the cell

A

Lysosomes

179
Q

are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the
Golgi complex

A

Lysosomes

180
Q

Contains as many as 60 kinds of powerful digestive and
hydrolytic enzymes that can break down a wide variety of
molecules once lysosomes fuse with vesicles formed during

A

endocytosis

181
Q

also help recycle worn-out cell structures

A

Lysosomal enzymes

182
Q

The process by which entire worn-out organelles are digested is called

A

autophagy

183
Q

The organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle called an

A

autophagosome

184
Q

is also involved in cellular differentiation, control of growth, tissue re-modeling, adaptation to adverse environments, and cell defense

A

autophagy

185
Q

may also destroy the entire cell that contains them, a process known as autolysis

A

Lysosomal enzymes

186
Q

Lysosomal enzymes may also destroy the entire cell that
contains them, a process known as

A

autolysis.

187
Q

Another group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller, are the

A

peroxisomes

188
Q

Peroxisomes are also called

A

microbodies

189
Q

Peroxisomes contain several ___________________, enzymes that can oxidize (remove hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances

A

oxidases

190
Q

in peroxisomes oxidize toxic substances, such as alcohol

A

Enzymes

191
Q

peroxisomes are very abundant in the _____________, where
detoxification of alcohol and other damaging substances occurs

A

liver

192
Q

Mitochondria generate most of the ATP through ____________________

A

aerobic (oxygen-requiring) respiration

193
Q

are referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell

A

Mitochondria

194
Q

A cell may have as few as a _____________ or as many as
________________ mitochondria, depending on its
activity.

A

hundred; several thousand

195
Q

are usually located within the cell where oxygen enters the cell or where the ATP is used.

A

Mitochondria

196
Q

contains a series of folds called mitochondrial cristae

A

Internal mitochondrial membrane

197
Q

The Internal mitochondrial membrane contains a series of folds called

A

mitochondrial cristae

198
Q

The central fluid-filled cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the internal mitochondrial membrane, is the

A

mitochondrial matrix

199
Q

a spherical or oval-shaped structure that usually is the most prominent feature of a cell

A

nucleus

200
Q

“Control Center”

A

nucleus

201
Q

Within the nucleus are most of the cell’s hereditary units, called _______ which control cellular structure and direct cellular activities

A

genes

202
Q

is a long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins

A

chromosome

203
Q

This complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA is called

A

chromatin

204
Q

The total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism is its

A

genome

205
Q

Electron micrographs reveal that chromatin has a

A

beads-on-astring structure

206
Q

Each bead is a nucleosome that consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins called

A

histone

207
Q

help organize the coiling and folding of DNA

A

histone

208
Q

Just before cell division takes place, however, the DNA replicates (duplicates) and the loops condense even more, forming a pair of

A

chromatids

209
Q
A
210
Q

forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane

A

ion channel (integral)

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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