Cell Organelles

Question 1

What do all cells have?

Answer 1

DNA (genetic material)
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
ribosomes

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

1. All organisms are made of cells
2. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
   3.All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
   4.Cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features

Question 3

Cell Size

Answer 3

can be large or small

Question 4

light microscope (LM)

Answer 4

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses

Question 5

Magnification

Answer 5

the ratio of an object’s image
size to its real size

Question 6

Resolution

Answer 6

the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

Question 7

Contrast

Answer 7

visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample

Question 8

Why do we not use light microscopes to study organelles?

Answer 8

The resolution of standard light microscopy is too low to study organelles, the membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells

Question 9

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

Answer 9

Scanning Electron Microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscopes

NOTE: they are all black and white images

Question 10

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

Answer 10

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

Question 11

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

Answer 11

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
- used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

Question 12

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 12

• Bacteria and Archea
• no nucleus
• DNA is in a region
• Cytoplasm with cell membrane
• No membrane-bound organelles

Question 13

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 13

• organelles with nucleus
• Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

Question 13

Nucleioid

Answer 13

region in which DNA is left in prokaryotic cell

Question 14

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 14

composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus

Question 15

Chromosomes

Answer 15

DNA is organized into discrete units

Question 16

Chromatin

Answer 16

one DNA molecule associated with proteins

Question 17

Nucleolus

Answer 17

site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 18

Lyosomal Enzymes

Answer 18

• made by Smooth ER
• function best in acidic environments

Question 19

What causes a food vacuole?

Answer 19

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole

Question 20

Function of food vacuole

Answer 20

lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

Question 21

Autophagy

Answer 21

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the
cell’s own organelles and macromolecules,
a process called autophagy

Question 22

Vacuoles

Answer 22

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

Question 23

Three types of vacuoles

Answer 23

Food Vacuoles
Contractile Vacuoles
Central Vacuoles

Question 24

Food Vacuoles

Answer 24

formed by phagocytosis

Question 25

Contractile Vacuoles

Answer 25

pump excess water out of cells

Question 26

Mitochondria

Answer 26

have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 27

Parts of Inner Membrane

Answer 27

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Question 28

Cristae

Answer 28

present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Question 29

Chloroplasts

Answer 29

photosynthesize and have green pigment called chlorophyll

Question 30

Endosymbiot Theory

Answer 30

suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell

Question 31

What similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts lead to the endosymbiot theory?

Answer 31

Enveloped by a double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

Question 32

What two things does chloroplast structure include?

Answer 32

- Thylakoids - Granum - plastids

Question 33

Thylakoids

Answer 33

membranous sacs

Question 34

Granum

Answer 34

thylaokoids stacked

Question 35

Plastids

Answer 35

The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles

Question 36

Peroxisomes

Answer 36

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane ; produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water ; get rid of free radicals

Question 37

Cell Membrane

Answer 37

made of phospholipids, proteins and cholestrol