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Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

self-feeders” that sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain organic material from other organisms

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4
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Mesophyll

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5
Q

Mesophyll

A

Interior Tissue of the leaf

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6
Q

Stroma

A

a dense fluid

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7
Q

Thylakoids

A

connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system ; transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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8
Q

Granum

A

Stacked thylakoids

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9
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

resides in the thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

Photosynthesis Formula

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2

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11
Q

Function of Chloroplasts

A

split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

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12
Q

How is photosyntesis redox reaction?

A

H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced

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13
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

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14
Q

What happens in the light reaction in photosynthesis? (4)

A

1.Split H2O
2. Release O2
3. Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

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15
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP by adding a phosphate

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16
Q

Where does calvin cycle happen and what does it produce?

A

The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

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17
Q

What is the name of the sugar produced by the calvin cycle?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)

G3P

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18
Q

Is Calvin Cycle Anabolic or Catabolic

A

Anabolic ; it builds sugars

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19
Q

Where do light reactions happen?

A

Thylakoids

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20
Q

What are photosystems 1 and 2?

A

Proton Pumps for light reaction

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21
Q

photolysis

A

splitting of water in light reactions that produces electrons, protons, and oxygen

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22
Q

What happens to the electrons from photolysis?

A

They enter photosystem 2

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23
Q

What happens in photosystem two?

A

They absorb light energy which is used to boost electrons or excite them

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24
Q

Why are the electrons excited by the photosystems in light reactions?

A

to create a proton gradient

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25
Why do we re-excite electrons in photosystem 1?
They are picked up by NADP+ which is then converted into NADPH
26
NADP+
final electron acceptor
27
What does NADPH do?
It carries electrons to Calvin Cycle
28
ATP Synthase
ADP to ATP
29
Chemiosmosis
flow of protons down concentration gradient ; the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane.
30
What is ATP Synthase powered by?
chemiosmosis
31
What are ATP and NADPH used for in the Calvin Cycle
They convert carbon from CO2 to glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P) and send ADP and NADPH+ back to light reactions
32
Structure of a Photosystem?
consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
33
Primary Electron Acceptor
anything that accepts excited electrons and is therefore reduced
34
Light Harvesting Complex (Function and Structure)
- a complex composed of a large number of pigment molecules bound to proteins. -The function of the light energy complex is to trap the light and transfer it to photosystems
35
Reaction Center Complex
an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor ; do primary energy conversions for photosynthesis
36
What is the reaction center for photosystem 2 called and why?
P680 because it is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm.
37
What is the reaction center for photosystem 1 called and why?
best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
38
What are the two types of paths electrons take through light reactions?
Cyclic and Linear Electron Flow
39
What does the photon do in linear electron flow?
A photon hits a pigment in a light-harvesting complex of PS II, and its energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680 and an electron is picked up by the primary electron acceptor.
40
Where do the missing electrons in photosystem 2 come from?
They come from the splitting of water
41
What is a side effect of the splitting of water in linear electron flow?
It provides protons for the proton gradient
42
Photosystem 1 in Linear Electron Flow
Electrons are excited and passed to cholorophyll molecules that are picked up by primary electron acceptor.
43
Where does the missing electron in photosystem 1 come from?
It comes from the electron produced in photosystem 1 by splitting of water. It is transported through an electron transport chain.
44
Electron Transport Chain of Photosystem 1
It is composed of Ferrodoxin and NADP+ reductase
45
NADP+ Reductase
It reduces NADP+ to NADPH using electrons from photosystem 1 and 2
46
Where does the NADPH produced by photosystem 1 and 2 go?
Calvin Cycle
47
Cyclic Electron Flow
- only uses photosystem 1 and there is no oxygen
48
What step is different in cyclic electron flow?
The photon in still excited and electrons are still produced but the transport chain step is different
49
Electron Transport Chain in Cyclic Electron Flow
- It goes to ferodoxxin then to cytochrome complex and to a PC molecule which sends it back to excite electrons and chlorophyll. It does not produce NADPH for Calvin Cycle but still produces fewer ATP through the cycle.
50
Carbon Fixation
It involves the enzyme RuBisCO ''fixing'' CO2 to RuBP, producing two molecules of 3-PGA.
51
Sources of Energy in Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Mitochondria - food Chloroplasts - light energy
52
Where are protons pumped and diffused in m and c
- Mito: intermembrane space and diffused into mitochondrial matrix - Chloroplasts: thylakoid space and diffused into stroma
53
How do plants cope with dehydration?
They close their stomata so they can't perform photosynthesis
54
Photorespiration
Wasteful process caused by closed stroma; produces 2 carbon compound instead of 3
55
Light
electromagnetic energy/electromagnetic radiation
56
Wavelength
the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves
57
Visible Light
consists of wavelengths (380 nm to 750 nm) that produce colors we can see - also includes wavelengths that drive photosynthesis
58
Photon
discrete particles that light consists and behaves through
59
Shorter Wavelength provides how much energy
More energy
60
Pigments
substances that absorb visible light
61
Spechtometer
measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths. By sending light through pigments and measuring the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
62
Absoprtion Spectrum
a graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
63
Action Spectrum
profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process
64
What are the three types of pigment in chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids
65
Chlorophyll A
the key light-capturing pigment
66
Chlorophyll b
an accessory pigment
67
Carotenoids
a separate group of accessory pigments - photoprotection
68
photoprotection
done by carotenoids to absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll or react with oxygen
69
What light works best for photosynthesis?
red or violet blue
70
Who first demonstrated the action spectrum?
Engelman
71

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