Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Metabolism

A

all of organ’s chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

begins with specific molecule and ends with product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ex of Anabolic Pathway

A

synthesis of protein from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Energy

A

capacity to cause change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Open System

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings (this is what organisms use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness ; also refers to energy loss in the form of heat!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Second Law

A

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat or entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Relation between Entropy in Surrounding and Organism

A

Entropy (disorder) may decrease in a particular system, such as an organism, as long as the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

proceed with net release of free energy and spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

need extra energy so they are nonspontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Free Energy

A

energy that can do work ; a measure of a system’s instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Delta G and spontaneous Processes

A

DeltaG is negative for all spontaneous processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do cells manage energy?

A

Energy Coupling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Energy Coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (catabolic to anabolic) - utilizes by ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ATP

A

energy shuttle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Catalyst

A

speed up a reaction w/o being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is more ATP made?

A

by hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sucrase

A

breaks sucrose
- ase means enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do catalysts make reactions quicker? *4

A
  • orient substrates correctly
  • strain substrate bonds
  • provide a favorable environment
  • covalently bonds to a substrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Substrate

A
  • reactant that an enzyme acts on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Active Site
The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
26
Induced Fit
both the substrate and the active site of the enzyme change in conformation until the substrate is completely bound to the enzyme
27
What factors influence enzyme acitivity?
temperature and PH or chemicals
28
Cofactors
non-protein enzyme helpers - can be inorganic
29
Coenzymes
- organic co-factor - includes vitamins
30
Competitive inhibitors
bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
31
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective
32
Examples of Inhibitors
toxins, poisons, pesticides, and antibiotics
33
Competitive vs Noncompetitive
- competitive binds to active site - in competitive, the issue can be fixed by adding more substrate, but not in noncompetitive.
34
Energy *Source and stuff
Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
35
Aerobic Respiration
- consumes organic molecules and needs oxygen to yield ATP
36
Fermentation
a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen
37
Redox Reactions
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions
38
Oxidation
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
39
Reduction
a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)
40
Reducing Agent
The electron donor
41
Oxidizing Agent
electron receptor
42
Example of Redox Reaction
An example is the reaction between methane and oxygen
43
Glycolysis
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate when oxygen is not present
44
NAD+
- oxidizing agent during first step of cellular respiration (glycolysis) - charged carriers - electron acceptor
45
What does glycolysis do to NAD+
This process reduces the co-factor NAD+ to NADH
46
​Oxidative phosphorylation
accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
47
What is ​Oxidative phosphorylation powered by?
redox reactions
48
Two Major Phases of Glycolysis
Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase
49
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
50
Reactants for Glycolysis
Glucose and two ATP
51
NET Products of Glycolysis
2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP
52
Pyruvate Oxidation Location
Mitochondria
53
Pyruvate Oxidation *steps
1. The pyruvate molecule is oxidized, losing two electrons and a hydrogen molecule. 2. The oxidation results in the creation of a NADH molecule and the loss of CO2. 3. Pyruvate is made into acetyl coA
54
What are products of pyruvate oxidation
create acetyl CoA and NADHA (2)
55
acetyl COA
when pyruvate is converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation
56
Citric Cycle Location
Mitochondria
57
Citric Acid Cycle *2 Steps
1. Acetyl-CoA will first be bonded to a four carbon molecule called oxaloacetate which will create citric acid 2. electrons and hydrogen ions are removed from the citric acid molecule and added to form NADH and FADH2
58
Citric Acid Cycle Reactants
acetyl CoA (usually done twice so double this)
59
Citric Acid Cycle Products
1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH (this is usually done twice so double this: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP)
60
What do you do with NADH and FADH2 from the Citric Acid Cycle?
these become electron carriers who donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation
61
Where is the electron transport chain?
inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
62
Oxidative phosphorylation/ Electron Transport Chain *4 steps
-step that generates most ATP 1. The first step of the electron chain is when one of the electron carriers *NADH or FADH will release an electron. 2. The electron will be taken by a different carrier that will move through three different membrane proton pump proteins which forms a gradient 3. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. 4. oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
63
Function of Cytochromes
Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom)
64
END PRODUCTS OF CELLUALR RESPRIATION
6CO2, 6H2O and 38 ATP molecules *technically 32 since 4 are lost in heat
65
Why do you need oxygen in the electron transport chain?
unloads electron transport chain ; terminal electron receptor at the end of chain
66
Two types of Fermentation
1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
67
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- human muscles use this to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce
68
Obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration ; cannot survive without oxygen
69
facultative anaerobes
they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration

Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions