Macromolecules Flashcards
What are monosaccharides classified by? 2
The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose)
The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
Glycosidic Linkadge
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group,
What is the function of polysaccharides determined by?
function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages
What is starch?
a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers
what is glycogen and where is it stored?
storage polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
What does hydrolysis of glycogen do?
Hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases
Ring Forms and their function
alpha (α) and beta (β)
- this is what enables cellulose and starch to differ
Cellulose
The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
- similar to starch with different glycosidic linkage
Starch Configuration
Starch (α configuration) is largely helical
Cellulose Configuration
Cellulose molecules (β configuration) are straight and unbranched
Chitin
structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
- provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
Glycerol
a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
Fatty Acid
consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
Hydrogenation
the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Adipose Cells
- Humans and other mammals store their long-term food reserves in adipose cells
-Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body
Protein Functions (8)
Enzymes- Catalyst for reactions (speeds up reactions)
Defensive - antibodies
Storage - of amino acids 🥚
Transport - of substances- transports steroids through blood
Hormonal - Coordination of an organism’s activities
Receptor - Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Contractile and motor - Movement
Structural - Support
Primary Structure of Proteins
Primary structure is like the order of letters in a long word
-Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic information
Secondary Structure
The coils and folds of secondary structure result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
Tertiary Structure
the overall shape of a polypeptide, results from interactions between
R groups, rather than interactions between backbone constituents
Disulfride Bridges
Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges may reinforce the protein’s structure
Quaternary
results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
Pyrimidines
- ## have a single six-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
Purines
have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
- (adenine and guanine)
Gene Expression
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
