Plants

Question 1

Lichen

Answer 1

first species to inhabit an area

Question 2

What are the three reasons that plants adapt quickly?

Answer 2

Sexually reproduce
Have short generation times
Have a lot of offsprings (seeds)

Question 3

What are the closest relatives of plants?

Answer 3

Green algae called charophytes are the closest relatives of plants

Question 4

What 3 traits do plants share with charotypes

Answer 4

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

Question 5

What are the 5 main plant traits that are absent in charotypes?

Answer 5

1. alteration of generation
2. multicellular dependent embroys
3. Walled spores produced in sporangia
   4.Multicellular gametangia
4. Apical meristems

Question 6

Alteration of Generation

Answer 6

In most plants, there is a life cycle that alternates between two multicellular stages: a haploid (n) gametophyte stage and a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage.

Question 7

Multicellular Embryo

Answer 7

After fertilization, the zygote develops into a multicellular embryo that remains attached to and dependent on the parent plant.

This protects the developing embryo and provides it with nutrients.

Question 8

Sporangia

Answer 8

In plants, spores are produced in multicellular structures called sporangia, which protect and disperse the spores.

Question 9

Multicellular Gamentangia

Answer 9

Gametangia are structures that produce and protect gametes. In plants, these are multicellular structures that enclose the gametes, protecting them from desiccation and mechanical damage.

Question 10

Apical Meristems

Answer 10

regions of actively dividing cells located at the tips of shoots and roots.

• They are responsible for the growth of plant tissues, allowing plants to grow outward (lengthen) without becoming taller.

Question 11

Cuticle

Answer 11

waxy layer on the outer surface of the epidermis that helps reduce water loss from the plant’s surface

Question 12

Stomata

Answer 12

small pores on the underside of plant leaves that allow for gas exchange, enabling the plant to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen and water vapor

Question 13

Seed

Answer 13

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 14

Spore

Answer 14

embryo with only a little nutrients

Question 15

What characteristics do seed plants have (4)

Answer 15

Reduced gametophytes - gametophyte generation is much smaller and less conspicuous than the sporophyte generation
Heterospory - means they produce two types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male).
Ovules (egg)
Pollen (sperm)

Question 16

Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages (3)

Answer 16

–They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
-They have a supply of stored food
–They may be transported long distances by wind or animals

Question 17

Bryophytes

Answer 17

small, non-vascular, seedless plants that include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Question 18

What stage are bryophytes usually in?

Answer 18

The sporophyte stage is short-lived and only occurs during reproduction,

Question 19

Peat Moss

Answer 19

type of bryophyte
- known for its ability to store large amounts of carbon and is sometimes used as a fuel source

Question 20

What is the ecological role of bryophytes

Answer 20

stabilizing soil, retaining moisture, and providing habitat for various organisms.

Question 21

Xylem

Answer 21

carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Question 22

pholem

Answer 22

carries food, such as sugars and amino acids, produced by photosynthesis in the leaves, to other parts of the plant.

Question 23

Seedless vascular plants

Answer 23

ferns, lycophytes, and monilophytes, are larger than bryophytes and reproduce using spores rather than seeds.

• they have roots and leaves
• spend more time in diploid sporophyte stage than haploid germophyte stage

Question 24

What are the two types of seed vascular plants?

Answer 24

Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

Question 25

Gymnosperm

Answer 25

- naked seeds, meaning the seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. - conifers - seeds of gymnosperms are exposed on sporophylls that form cones

Question 26

Angiosperm

Answer 26

- have flowers and fruits

Question 27

Sepals

Answer 27

leaf-like structures that enclose and protect the flower bud before it opens. They are usually green but can also be colored.

Question 28

Petals

Answer 28

serve to attract pollinators

Question 29

Stamens

Answer 29

male reproductive organs of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

Question 30

Anther

Answer 30

part of the stamen where pollen containing sperm is produced.

Question 31

Filament

Answer 31

the stalk that supports the anther and positions it for effective pollen dispersal.

Question 32

Carpels

Answer 32

the female reproductive organs of a flower, typically consisting of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.

Question 33

Stigma

Answer 33

- the receptive tip of the carpel where pollen is deposited during pollination. - It acts as a landing pad for pollen grains.

Question 34

Style

Answer 34

the slender stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary and serves as a transport route for pollen tubes to deliver sperm to the ovule.

Question 35

Monocots

Answer 35

Angiosperms with one cotyledon (seed leaf); typically less complex.

Question 36

Dicots

Answer 36

Angiosperms with two cotyledons; also known as eudicots ("true" dicots).

Question 37

Cotyledons

Answer 37

The first leaves or sprouts of a plant embryo; can be one or two in angiosperms.

Question 38

Monocot Characteristics (leaves, stems, roots, pollen openings)

Answer 38

Leaves have parallel veins; stems are random; roots are fibrous (no main root); pollen has one opening; petals often in multiples of three.

Question 39

Dicot Characteristics (leaves, stems, roots, pollen openings)

Answer 39

Leaves have netlike veins; stems are organized with ring-like structures; roots have a taproot (one main root); pollen has three openings. Petals are often 4 or 5