Cell Surface Structures, Inclusion, and Endospores Flashcards
usually composed of polysaccharides (sugars); part of cell envelope; outer layer; well organized and not easily removed from cell
capsules
advantages of capsules (2):
- attachment to surfaces and each others biofilms
- protects against MANY things
what all do capsules protect against (4)?
- desiccation
- phagocytosis
- viruses, detergents, toxins, and antimicrobials (antibiotics)
- absorption of nutrients
drying out of an organism
desiccation
serves as an invisibility cloak; other cells don’t recognize them and leave them alone
capsules
capsules repel ______ so you have to
stains
what method do you have to use to look at bacteria with capsules?
negative stain
what kind of stain is used to stain the BACKGROUND in Negative Staining?
acidic stain
what kind of stain is used to stain the CELL in Negative Staining?
basic stain
similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized, and are easily removed
slime layers
slime may aid in ______ for cells
motility
what kind of motility do slime layers provide aid in?
glide motility (like a snail)
protein tubes; extend beyond the cell envelope; short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages (up to 1,000 per cell); mediate attachment to surfaces; some required for motility or DNA uptake
fimbriae/pili
what type of pili is required for motility (or DNA uptake)
type IV pili
similar to fimbriae except LONGER, THICKER, and LESS numerous (1-10 per cell); also protein; required for conjugation; sent out into environment and try to attach to other cells with a plasmid; sends in DNA
sex pili
genes for formation of sex pili are found on ______
plasmids (“plasmid-encoded”)
closest thing we have to sexual reproduction in bacteria
sex pili
sex pili are so thin that you have to use a ______ as a mordant
virus
storage of nutrients, metabolic ends products, energy, and building blocks
storage inclusions
what kind of elements do inclusions store (4):
- carbon
- phosphate
- sulfur GLOBULES
- nitrogen
examples of carbon substances stored in inclusions (2):
- glycogen
- poly-beta-hydrozybutyrate (PHB)
example of phosphate substance stored in inclusions =
polyphosphate granules
sulfur is stored in inclusions as ______
globules (usually in sulfur fixing bateria)
example of nitrogen substance stored in inclusions =
cyanophyicin granules
