The Microbial World Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
organisms and acellular entities too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye
A
microorganisms
2
Q
microorganisms are generally LESS THAN/EQUAL TO ____ ___ in diameter
A
1 mm
3
Q
microorganisms are often ____
A
unicellular
4
Q
what do all microorganisms LACK?
A
lack highly differentiated tissues
5
Q
T/F: all microorganisms are less than/equal to 1 mm in diameter and are unicellular
A
false
6
Q
exceptions to microorganism (2)
A
- not always small (algae can be 12 in. in diameter)
- some things that are super small are actually multicellular animals
7
Q
how do you tell if an organisms is a microorganism or not?
A
look at the tissues + determine if they are highly differentiated or not
–> if they are, then its prob an animal
–> if not, its a microorganism
8
Q
organisms and biological entities studied by microbiologists can be _____ or _____
A
cellular or acellular
9
Q
CELLULAR organisms/entities include (4):
A
1) fungi
2) protists
3) bacteria
4) archaea
10
Q
fungi examples (2-2):
A
- yeasts
- molds
- could potentially add mushrooms
11
Q
protist examples (3):
A
- algae
- protozoa
- slime molds
12
Q
bacteria example (1):
A
E. coli
13
Q
archaea example (1):
A
methanogens (release methane gas)
14
Q
methanogens, an example of archaea, release ____ ____
A
methane gas
15
Q
ACCELULAR organisms/entities include (4):
A
1) viruses
2) viroids
3) satellites
4) prions
16
Q
what are viruses composed of?
A
protein + nucleic acid
17
Q
what are viroids composed of?
A
RNA
18
Q
what are satellites composed of?
A
nucleic acid (often RNA)
19
Q
what are prions composed of?
A
protein
20
Q
which of the ACELLULAR organisms cause PLANT disease?
A
viroids
21
Q
which of the ACELLULAR organisms can cause ANIMAL disease (2)?
A
satellites (and tech. prions)
22
Q
which of the ACELLULAR organisms cause HUMAN diseases?
A
prions
23
Q
“kary” means _____, referring to the nucleus
A
nut
24
Q
2 types of microbial cells:
A
prokaryotic and eukatryotic
25
type of microbial cells that lack a true-membrane bound nucleus (not absolute)
prokarytic cells
26
type of microbial cell that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; are more COMPLEX morphologically; usually LARGER than the other type
eukaryotic cells
27
bacteria and archeons are both _______ cells
prokaryotic
28
T/F: all bacteria have a cell wall
false
29
little piece of DNA; most eukaryotic cells do NOT have them
plasmids
30
T/F: not all eukaryotic cells have a cell wall
true
31
what structural components do ALL cells share (4)?
- cytomplasm
- cytoplasmic membrane
- ribosomes
- genome made of DNA
32
DNA is stored as a _____ in prokaryotic cells and within a ______ in eukaryotic cells
nucleoid; nucleus
33
most eukaryotic cells do not have ______ like prokaryotic cells do
plasmids
34
properties of ALL cells (4):
- structure
- metabolism
- growth
- evolution
35
propterty of all cells: all cells use info. encoded in DNA to make RNA and protein; all cells take up nutrients, transform them, conserve energy, and expel wastes
metobolism
36
2 types of metabolism:
1) catabolism
2) anabolism
37
type of metabolism: transforming molecules to produce energy and building blocks; BREAK DOWN
catabolism
38
type of metabolism: synthesizing macromolecules; BUILD UP
anabolism
39
property of all cells: information from DNA is converted into proteins, which do work; proteins are used to convert nutrients from the environment into new cells
growth
40
"growth" in microorganims means :
increase in cell #
41
property of all cells: chance mutations in DNA cause new cells to have new properties, theryby promotoion this; phylogenic trees built from DNA seq. capture these type of relationship between species
evolution
42
properties of SOME cells (4):
- differentiation
- communication
- motility
- horizontal gene transfer
43
property of some cells: form new cell structures, such as as a spore
differentiation
44
property of some cells: cell interact with eachother by chemical messengers; can change gene expression and cause cells to act differently depending on the environment
communication
45
property of some cells: capable of "self-propulsion"; ex: flagellum
motility
46
property of some cells: cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms
horizontal gene transfer
47
GENERAL size of eukaryotic cell =
8 nanometers (similar to RBC)
48
GENERAL size of prokaryotic cell =
3 nanometers
49
size RANGE of eukaryotes:
0.8 nanometers - millions of nanometers
50
size RANGE of bacteria/archaea:
0.2 nanometers - 750 nanometers (visible)
51
size RANGE of viruses:
0.01 nanometers - 2.3 nanometers
52
genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall around the membrane
mycoplasmas
53
biggest eukaryotic cell
ostrich egg
54
some viruses can fall in the _____ size range
bacteria
55
SA to volume ration formula =
3 / r
56
the smaller an organism, the larger the ______ ______
SA-volume ratio
57
advantages to being small (3):
- bring in stuff faster
- get rid of waste faster
- reproduce faster which leads to more mutations = ADAPT FASTER (and survive extreme conditions)
58
since eukaryotics are generally larger, what do thye have to combat being less efficient in bringing materials in?
organelles
59
which as a larger SA:volume ratio (3/r)?
r=1 or r=2
r=1 (SA:volume ratio is 3, compared to 1.5)
60
cell morphology components (2):
- shape
- arrangement
61
most common cell shapes =
cocci and bacilii
62
sphere shaped cells
cocci
63
rod shaped cells
bacilli
64
3 main shapes of cells:
1) spheres (cocci)
2) rods (bacilli_
3) spirals (spirillum and spirochete)
65
what's the difference between spiriullum and spirochete cells?
both helices but spirillum are RIGID and spirochetes are FLEXIBLE
66
types of cocci cell shapes (5):
1) diplocci
2) streptococci
3) staphylococci
4) tetrads
5) sarcinae
67
type of cocci: pairs
diplocci
68
type of cocci: chains
streptococci
69
type of cocci: grape-like clusters
staphylococci
70
type of cocci: 4 occi in a square
tetrad
71
type of cocci: cubic configuration of 8 cocci
sarcinae
72
what type of cocci is staph?
staphylococci (grape-like clusters)
73
types of bacilli cell shapes (2):
- coccobacilli
- vibrios (kinda)
74
type of bacilli cell shape: very short rods
coccobacilli
75
type of bacilli cell shape: resemble rods, comma shaped
vibrios
76
what cell shape is E. coli?
coccobacilli
77
other shapes & arrangements of cells (4):
- filamentous (mycellium)
- pelomorphic
- unique shapes (star)
- unique arrangements (palisades)
78
example of filamentous shape of cell =
mycellium
79
other shapes and arrangement: network of long, multicellular filaments
mycellium (filamentous)
80
other shapes and arrangement: variable in shape
pleomorphic
81
other shapes and arrangement: star
unique shape
82
example of unique ARRANGEMENT cell =
palisades
83
other shapes and arrangement: ends are curved so they stick together; "chinese letters, picket fense"
palisades (unique arrangement)
84
other shape of cell: coffee-bean shape in pairs
Neisseriae
85
other shape of cell: example of Palisades arrangement
Corynebaceria
86
other shape of cell: large cocci in irregular clusters
Mirococci + staphylococci
87
other shape of cell: moldlike filamentous bactera
Streptomycetes
88
How did microbes evolve (4 steps)
1) mutation of genetic material
2) new genotypes (genetic code)
3) advantageous phenotypes
4) natural selection (ex: antibiotic resistance)
89
are bacteria and archaea haploid or diploid?
haploid
90
how do bacteria and achaea increase genetic diversity?
horizontal gene transfer within the same generation
91
what's the advantage of bacteria and archaea being HAPLOID?
mutations can't be masked by another set of genes (since there's only one copy of every gene) -- can lead to advantageous phenotypes
92
horizontal gene transfer steps (3):
1) elongation
2) transformation
3) transduction
93
horizontal gene transfer step: closest to sexual reporudction
elongation
94
horizontal gene transfer step: take up DNA from their environment
transformation
95
horizontal gene transfer step: occurs via VIRUSES
transduction
96
order of origin of Earth (8 groups W/ transistions in atmosphere):
1) Bacteria and Archaea
2) Phototrophic Bacteria
------------- transition to an oxygenated atmosphere
3) Cyanobacteria (take up oxygen)
4) Eukarya
----------------oxygen increases, prokaryotes pop up
5) Animals
6) Vascular Plants
7) Mammals
8) Humans
97
was oxygen present when Bacteria, Archaea, and Phototrophic Bacteria came to be?
no
98
first known bacteria that used oxyogenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
99
LUCA =
last universal common ancestor
100
Bacteria and Archaea divered around _____ ___
3.8 bya
101
Eukarya divered from Archaea around _____ ____
2.0 bya
102
where did Eukarya diverge FROM?
Archaea
103
3 domain system based on a comparison of the DNA encoding small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Universal Phylogenetic Tree
104
3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
105
which of the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree are PROKARYOTIC?
bacteria and archaea
106
which of the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree are EUKARYOTIC?
eukarya
107
5steps of creating a phylogenetic tree (5):
1) isolate DNA from each organism
2) make copies of rRNA gene by PCR
3) sequence DNA
4) analyze sequence
5) generate phylogenetic tree
108
in a phylogenetic tree, the LONGER the line/branch, the more _______ there was in their DNA sequences
mismatches
109
evolutionary distance =
2/9
(2 mismatches out of 9)
110
why are mitochondria and chloroplasts on separate branches within the phylogenic tree for Bacteria?
they have their own DNA
111
which theory provides a reason for why mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and states that "a prokaryote cell engulfed another prokaryotic cell which survived and developed a symbiotic relationship with it"
Endosymbiotic Theory
112
cyanobacteria and algae give us ____% of our oxygen
70%
113
archaea are more closely related to ______ than _______
eukaryotes than bacteria (despite being prokaryotes like bacteria)
114
within the 3 domains of the universal phylogenetic tree, most are microbes/microorganisms except _____, _____, and ______
animals, plants, and fungi
115
which domains of life include(s) microorganisms?
ALL (archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) -- all can lack highly differentiated tissue
116
which domains of life include(s) microorganisms?
could argue all as well
117
microorganisms of Domain Eukarya (not macro; 2)
1) protists
2) fungi
118
types of protists (4):
- algae
- protozoa
- slime molds
- water molds
119
type of protist: plant-like
algae
120
type of protist: animal-like
protozoa
121
type of protist: can act like protozoa OR algae
slime molds
122
type of protist: grow on moist soil or vegetation; caused the potato famine in the 1940s
water molds
123
types of Fungie (~3)
- yeast
- mold
- might argue mushrooms (still lack differentiated tissue)
124
a collection of STRAINS that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains (look at DNA or CG content)
microbial species
125
since Bacteria and Archaea do not reproduce ______, the term "species" has a different meaning; NOT defined as an interbreeding natural population
sexually
126
subset of microbial species; consists of the descendants of a single, pure microbial culture
microbial strain
127
one strain is designated at the "______ strain" = standard strain; permanent
"type strain"
128
within the type strain name, such as "E. coli 0157:H7", the letters have to do with the _____
antigen
129
within the type strain name, such as "E. coli 0157:H7", the numbers have to do with what?
the order in which it was discovered
130
T/F: all strains of microbial species cause the same side-effects in the body when infected
false
131
who came up with Binomial Nomenclature?
Carl Linnaeaus (1707 - 1778)
132
what does binomial nomenclature consist of?
genus and species
133
importance of microorganisms (7)
1) oldest form of life
2) most populous and diverse group of organisms
3) major fraction of biomass and KEY reserviour of essection nutrients
4) play a major role in recycling essential elements
5) some carry out phototsynthesis
6) influence ALL other living things
7) excellent tools for study
134
it is estimated that there are _______________ microbial cells
2 x 10^30 (more than the predicted stars in the universe!!!!!)
135
T/F: microbes are found virtually everywhere on the planet
true
136
most microorganisms are found _______
underground
137
what % of microorganisms are found underground?
92%-94% (up to 10 km deep)
138
microorganims are the key reservior of ____ ____
essential nutrients
139
microorganims house a substantial amount of _____ and 4X more ____ and ____ than plants do
carbone
nitrogen + phosphorus
140
cyanobacteria give us ____% of our oxygen and are thought to be the _____ ones to do this
75%
first
141
regarding how microorganims inlfluence all other living thigns, most are _____/_____ while some are _____
beneficial/benign
detrimental
142
T/F: other life fomrs require microorganims for survival
true
143
why are microorganisms excellent tools for study (2)?
- easy to grow in lab
- rapid growth
144
however, less than ___% of microbes are able to be cultured
1%
145
in what ways do microbes impact humans (8):
1) agriculture
2) energy
3) food
4) disease
5) industry
6) environment
7) human microflora
8) cycling of nutrients
146
microial impact on agriculture: animals that have a chamber where microbes live in the stomach and transform celluse into fatty acids
Ruminent animals
147
microial impact on energy/industry: process of glucose ---> ethanol
fermentation
148
microial impact on food: some foods rely on ______ depending on the form (ex: milk, cheese, chocolate)
fermentation
149
microial impact on disease: can cause death
infectious diseases
150
microial impact on human microflora: bacteria on skin kill pathogens
skin microbiota ("micrcombination resistance??")
151
microial impact on human microflora: chemical messangers in the gut send messages to the brain; can affect mood, cravings, and weight
Gut Brain access
152
microial impact on cycling nutrients: take nitrogen and fix it to ______
ammonia
153
the discovery of microorganisms didn't occur until the ______ due to the lack of technology
1800s
154
first to describe MICROORGANISMS; described the fruiting structures of MOLDS; came up with the term "cell"
Hooke (1635-1703)
155
first to observe and accurately describe BACTERIA through his drawings
Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
156
what did Leeuwenhoek think bacteria were?
tiny animals
157
father of the microscope
Jansen (1500s)
158
"living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter" (false tho)
spontaneous generation
159
discredited spontaneous generation for large animals
Francesco Redi (1668)
160
who disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment that involved flasks and trapping dust and microorganims?
Louis Pasteur (1864)
161
other accomplishments of Louis Pasteur (5)
- demonstrated that microorganisms carried out fermentations
- discoveries led to the development of microbial control methods (pasteurization and the asceptic technique)
- discovered attenuation
- developed vaccines for anthrax, chicken chloera, and rabies
- solidified the germ theory of disease
162
Louis Pasteur disproved that fermentation was strictly a _____ process
chemical
163
developed for wine first; process of heating liquid up high enough to destroy microorganisms and pathogens but not harm the food; not "sterilized"
pasteurization
164
technique that developed due to Louis Pasteur's discoveries that prevents contamination
aseptic technique
165
the "weakening"/reduction in strength of strains of microbes for the development of vaccines; discovered by Louis Pasteur; injected chickens w/ cholera
attenuation
166
first person to be inoculated against rabies by Louis Pasteur thanks to his vaccine
Joseph Miester
167
states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease + rotting (bc microbes eat it)
Germ Theory of Disease
168
indirect evidence fo the Germ Theory of Disease: discovered hand-washing to prevent "childbed fever" (infection after childbirth);
Ignaz Semmelweis (1847)
169
indirect evidence fo the Germ Theory of Disease: developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microbes from entering wounds; his patients had fewer postoperative infections; "Father of Modern Surgery"
Joseph Lister (1867)
170
Joseph Lister is the "Father of ______"
surgery
171
direct evidence of Germ Theory: established the relationship between certain strains of bacteria and the disease they cause
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
172
which relationships did Robert Koch establish to provide direct evidence of the Germ Theory (3)?
1) Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Tuberculosis (nobel prize 1905)
3) Vibrio cholerae and Cholera
173
still used today to establish the link between a particular micoorganism and a particular disease
Koch's Postulates
174
Koch's Postulates (theoretical aspects - 4)
1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
175
Laboratory tools of Koch's Postulates (4):
1) microscopy + staining
2) laboratory cultures
3) experimental animals
4) laboratory reisolation and culture
176
Experimental Aspects of Koch's Postulates (5):
1) observe blood/tissue under the microscope
2) streak agar plate with sample from either a diseased or healthy animal
3) incoulate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
4) remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy
5) laboratory culture (into a pure culture-- must be same organism as before)
177
singe type of organism/bacteria; descednents of the same cell
pure culture
178
materials + technique needed for obtaining and growing bacteria in pure cultures (4):
- nutrient broth
- nutrient agar
- Petri dish
- streak plating technique to isoloate bacterial colonies
179
material needed for obtaining/growing bacteria in pure cultures (Koch's Postulate): used to GROW bacteria
nutrient broth
180
material needed for obtaining/growing bacteria in pure cultures (Koch's Postulate): used to SOLIDIFY bacteria; polysaccharide derived from seaweed; stays solid at @ body temp + most bacteria dont eat it
nutrient agar
181
who developed the Petri dish?
Richard Petri
182
what did they used to streak bacteria with (2)?
potatoes or jello (bacteria would eat it tho and it liquifies at body temp (37 degrees Celcius)
183
used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from small pox; BEFORE Germ Theory of Disease was identified****; innoculated young boy; coined the term "vaccination" bc "vaca" = cow; realized dairy maids were immune to smallpox bc they were exposed to cow pox
Edward Jenenr (1798)
184
discovered bacterial endospores and classified bacteria based on shape; termed "bacillus"; also found that endospores "germinate" to active forms when conditions are good
Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1998)
185
what did Ferdinand Cohn think bacteria were?
plants
186
dormant structures resistant to heat and other harsh conditions
endospores
187
discovered penicillin (antibiotic); accidental discovery
Alexander Flemming (1929)
188
pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media; isolated the first pure cultures of many soil and aquatic bacteria; described the first virus (Tobaccoe mosaic); discovered aerobic Nitrogen fixation
Martinus Beijerinck (1951-1931)
189
whats the purpose of enrichment cultures and selective media?
to mimic the environment that bacteria like to increase the # of bacterial growth
190
what is an example of an enrichment culture?
blood agar for pathogens
191
"Father of Microbiology"
Martinus Beijerinck
192
discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes (such as anaerobic nitrogen fixation); proposed the concept of chemolithotrophy
Sergei Winogradsky (1856)
193
process in which organisms get energy from the oxidation of inorganic materials
chemolithotrophy
194
who discovered AEROBIC nitrogen fixation?
Martinus Beiijerinck
195
who discovered ANAEROBIC nitrogen fixation?
Sergei Winogradsky
196
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: "transforming principle:" DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes
Griffith (1928)
197
looking for genomes in the environments of samples (ex: on the skin, in water)
metagenomics
198
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: "DNA is the genetic material"
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty (1944)
199
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: DNA structure
Watson, Crick, and Franklin (1953)
200
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: tree of life/DNA sequencing
Woese / Sanger (1977)
201
DNA (not proteins) can transform the properties of cells, clarifying the chemical nature of genes
transforming principle (Griffith)
202
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: revolutionized microbiology; invented the process known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Kary Mullis
203
contributor in Molecular Microbiology: metagenomics
Handelsman (1998)
204
Griffith found in his famous experiment (regarding the "transforming principle") that transformation occurred when a dead smooth cell was put with rough cells through the transformation of its _______
DNA (thought it was going to be a protein)
205
in Griffiths famous experiment, did rough (no capsule) or smooth (capsulated) colonies kill the mice?
smooth colonies (Strain S)
206
in Griffiths famous experiment, Strain _____ transformed Straigh R (rough) colonies into deadly smooth colonies when mixed together
S
207
we are in the ____ golden age of microbio
second
208
all techniques of DNA came from testing ____ first
bacteria
209
the Basic Emphases of micrbio regard ______ itself
life
210
the Applied emphases of micro bio ______ ___ ______
solve a problem
