Microbial Metabolism (Catabolism - #3) Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
2 phases of glycolysis:
A
1) energy investment phase
2) energy payoff phase
2
Q
how many ATP are used in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
A
2 ATP
3
Q
how many ATP are FORMED during the energy payoff phase in glycolysis?
A
4 ATP
4
Q
net products of glycolysis (4):
A
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 H20 (water)
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH + 2H+
5
Q
electron carrier in glycolysis =
A
NAD+
6
Q
pathway of glycolysis goes from ______ to _______
A
glucose to pyruvate
7
Q
Fermentation is an ________ of glycolysis
A
extension
8
Q
fermentation does NOT equal _____ _______
A
anaerobic respiration
9
Q
fermentation takes place in the absence of an ________ _____ ______
A
exogenous electron acceptor (O2 not needed)
10
Q
______ is not needed in fermentation
A
oxygen
11
Q
fermentation uses a ________ or ______ as an electron acceptor
A
pyruvate or derivative
12
Q
pyruvate or derivative in fermentation is __________
A
REDUCED
13
Q
fermentation continues recycling of ______ ______
A
electron carriers
14
Q
recycling of electron carriers in fermentation: _________ from glycolysis is OXIDIZED to _______
A
NADH; NAD+
15
Q
which pathway does fermentation form ATP through?
A
substrate-level phosphorylation
16
Q
fermentation produces various fermentation ______
A
products
17
Q
what 2 things does fermentation NOT involve the use of?
A
- ETC
- proton motive force (PMF)
18
Q
electron acceptor that comes from the outside of the system
A
exogenous electron acceptor
19
Q
electron acceptor that was formed within the system
A
endogenous electron acceptor
20
Q
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) oxidative phosphorylation is used by all bacteria to make ATP
b) strictly fermentative bacteria use substrate-level phosphorylation to make ATP.
c) oxidative phosphorylation uses proton motive force to make ATP.
d) substrate-level phosphorylation involves the use of the ETC
A
c) oxidative phosphorylation uses proton motive force to make ATP.
21
Q
fermentation produces are _______ products to the fermenting organism
A
waste
22
Q
purpose of waste products in fermentation =
A
recycle NADH back to NAD+ so it can continue the cycle
23
Q
after forming pyruvate in glycolysis, which 2 pathways can a cell take?
A
- form LACTATE
- form another substance (acid aldehyde) and then form ETHANOL
24
Q
fermentation classes (2):
A
1) ethanol
2) lactic acid
25
fermentation class: breads, wine, beer
ethanol
26
Lactic Acid groups (2):
- homolactic
- heterolactic
27
lactic acid group: sole product is LACTIC ACID
homolactic
28
lactic acid group: make lactate + other stuff
heterolactic
29
lactic acid group: cheeses, sour cream, yogurt
homolactic
30
lactic acid group: sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, and involved in FOOD SPOILAGE
heterolactic
31
what kind of other products can heterolactic pathways make (4)?
- acetic acid
- propionic acid
- mixed acid
- 2-3-Butanediol
32
fermentation classes are based on the main ______
products
33
Fermentation Pathways (3):
- Mixed acid
- Butanediol
- swiss
34
fermentation pathway: several pathways simultaneously
mixed acid
35
what reagent detects mixed acid fermentation pathway AND at what pH/
methyl red (MR) @ a pH of 5 and under
36
fermentation pathway: intermediate called ACETOIN
Butanediol
37
what test detects Butanediol/acetoin production?
Voges-Proskauer (VP)
38
butanediol is also known as ______
acetoin
39
genus of swiss cheese is the same genus that causes _____
acne
40
T/F: you can have a fermentation test that is positive for both MV and VP
false!
41
what REAGENTS in VP detect precursors of Butanediol/acetoin?
Barritt's A and Barritt's B
42
in the Butanediol pathway, is acetoin produces or precursors of acetoin?
PRECURSORS
43
chemoorganotrophic fuelding process involves _____
respiration (both aerobic + anaerobic)
44
respiration uses _____ ____ and ______, UNLIKE fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation and ETC
45
2 types of respiration:
1) aerobic respiration
2) anaerobic respiration
46
type of respiration: final electron acceptor is oxygen
aerobic
47
type of respiration: final electron acceptor is DIFFERENT exogenous e- acceptor such as NO3, SO4, CO2, Fe3+, or SeO4
anaerobic
48
ATP is made primarily by what pathway?
oxidative phosphorylation
49
what 2 things does oxidative phosphorylation involve?
- ETC to generate a proton motive force
- ATPase to make ATP
50
what generates a PMF in oxid. phosphorylation?
ETC
51
what makes ATP in oxid. phosphorylation?
ATPase
52
ATPase is also known as ______
ATP-synthase
53
ETC can be _____ specific
species (net of 38 ATP varies)
54
the ETC is the electric ______
tower
55
the _______ the ETC, the more energy it releases
longer
56
if the cell has poor nutrition, the cell might make the ETC _____
shorter
57
in Eukaryotes, the ETC is located where?
inner mitochondrial membrane
58
in Bacteria and Archaeons, the ETC is located where?
cytoplasmic membrane (dont have mitchondria)
59
series of electron carriers that operate together
ETC
60
in the ETC, electrons are transferred from _____ and _____ to a terminal electron acceptor
NADH and FADH2
61
in ETC, electrons flow from carriers with more ______ E0' to carriers with more ______ E0'
negative to positive
62
ETC: as electrons are transferred, energy is released to make ATP by _______ ______
oxidative phosphorylation
63
does NADH or FADH2 give more energy?
NADH (comes in higher on the tower)
64
the CHANGE (delta) in E0' is how many volts?
1.14 V
65
what does the P and the O stand for in P/O ratios?
proton and O2 (oxygen)
66
P/O ratios really have to do with ____
protons
67
P/O ratio: ____ ATP for every NADH
3
68
P/O ratio: _____ ATP for every FADH2
2
69
in the ETC, _____ comes in complex 1 because of its standard reductin potential
NADH + H+
70
in the ETC, _____ comes in complex 2
FADH2
71
where does the CAC cycles occur in the ETC?
complex 2
72
how many protons are released in Complex 1?
4
73
how many protons are released in Complex 3?
4
74
how many protons are released in Complex 4?
2
75
free energy released per 2 electrons (delta G0') =
-220 kJ
76
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient
Chemiosmosis
77
in Complexes 1, 3, and 4, protons move from the _____ to the ____ ______
matrix to the intermembrane space
78
in ATP-ase, protons move from where to where?
intermembrane space ot matrix
79
how many protons go through the ATPase from from the intermembrane space to the matrix?
3
80
the movement of protons established ______
PMF
81
ATP synthase uses proton flow ______ the gradient (into the cell) to make ATP
DOWN
82
smallest biological motor
ATP-ase
83
ATP-ase is _______, can also break ATP to make PMF
reversible **
84
what can ATP-ase be used for when it is put in reverse and BREAKS ATP to produce a Proton Motive Force?
spinning flagella
85
part of ATP-ase: structure in nature
alpha + delta
86
part of ATP-ase: where magic happens
beta
87
ATP is released in ATP-ase when Beta goes back to what position?
original (empty)
88
where is ATP is released from ATP-ase ?
inside the cell (cytoplasm)
89
part of ATP-ase: headpiece; consists of alpha, beta, sigma, and gamma, INSIDE the cell (cytoplasm)
F1
90
part of ATP-ase: proton channel made here****; consists of epsilon and "a"; PART of MEMBRANE; where protons go IN from the outside of the cell
F0
91
parts of ATP-ase: holds up head piece and keeps it stable so it can't spin; energy is used to make confromation changes to beta
gamma + epsilon
92
conformation changes in ATP site means....
active site changes
93
why do bacteria make fermentation products during the process of fermentation?
to oxidize NADH
94
steps in which electrons travel to make ATP (all reversible - 4)
1) electron donors
2) electron transport
3) proton motive force
4) prod. of ATP
95
process that can completely catabolize an organic energy source to CO2
aerobic respiration
96
3 pathways/processes in which aerobic respiration completely catabolizes an organic energy source:
1) glycolytic pathway
2) CAC (Kreb's cycle)
3) ETC with oxygen as final e' acceptor
97
glycolytic pathway ends at ____
pyruvate
98
CAC (kreb's cycle) is also called the _____
TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
99
which process in aerobic respiration gives you the most ATP production?
ETC w/ oxygen as final e- acceptor
100
aerobic respiration produces ATP mostly by what process?
oxidative phosphorylation
101
aerobic respiration produces ATP and recycles ______ _____
electron carriers
102
e- dump in aerobic respiration =
ETC (thru NADH to NAD+ or FADH2 to FADH)
103
there are ____ stages of aerobic catabolism
3
104
stage of aerobic catabolism: proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are broken down into their monomers
stage 1
105
stage of aerobic catabolism: monomers are broken down into either NH3 (from protein), pyruvate (from monosaccharides), or acetly-Coa (from lipids)
stage 2
106
stage of aerobic catabolism: CAC (kreb's cycle) occurs
stage 3
107
in which stage of aerobic catabolism is the FIRST ATP released?
stage 2
108
how is the first ATP released in stage 2 made?
substrate-level phosphorylation (during glycolysis)
109
you don't get any NET ATP until the ______
ETC
110
T/F: glucose is not always completely taken down to CO2 and
true
111
after the CAC (kreb's cycle), ATP is made by what process?
oxid. phosphorylation
112
INDUCIBLE enzymes in aerobic catabolism; can be turned ON/OFF; depends on what they detect in their environment
Exoenzymes
113
examples of an exoezyme made when starch in in the environment
amylase
114
CONSTITUTIVE enzymes in aerobic catabolism; always ON; need them regardless of what type of food is in the environment
Endoenzymes
115
in stage 1 of aerobic catabolism, the cell digests polymers ______ of the cell to make it small enough for the use of enzymes
outside
116
which stage do EXOenzymes break down molecules?
stage 1
117
which stage do ENDOenzymes break down molecules?
stage 2
118
exoenzymes are ______
inducible (turn on/off)
119
endoenxymes are ______
constitutive (always ON)
120
stage 2 and 3 includes ______ pathways -- enzymes are reversible and can be used for anabolism (build up)
amphibolic
121
T/F: protiens, polysaccharides (starch), and lipids are come into the same pathway in aerobic catabolism
true
122
polysaccharides =
starch
123
if a food source is not there (such as lipids), the specific exoenzyme is ____
off
124
in glycolysis, how many ATP are made via SLP
2
125
in glycolysis, how many NADH**** are made via oxididative phosphorylation?
6
126
in glycolysis, how many NADH are reduced to get 6 ATP?
2
(P/O of x3 for NADH to get 6 ATP)
127
in the bridge step, _____ is converted to _____ after glycolysis
pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A
128
in the bridge step, _____ NADH are reduced to get ______ ATP
2 NADH; 6 ATP
129
in glycolysis, _____ NADH are reduced to get ____ ATP
2 NADH; 6 ATP
130
in CAC, _____ NADH are reduced to get _____ ATP via oxid. phos.
6 NADH; 18 ATP
131
in CAC, ______ FADH2 are reduced to get _____ ATP via oxid. phos.
2 FADH2; 4 ATP
132
in CAC, _____ ATP are made via SLP
2
133
in CAC, how many total ATP are made via OXID. PHOSPHORLYATION?
22
134
how many total ATP are made via SLP in aerobic respiration?
4
135
how many total ATP are made via oxid. phos. in aerobic respiration?
34
136
how many total ATP are made in aerobic respiration?
38
137
the CAC goes through the cycle _____ to get its 24 total ATP?
twice
138
anaerobic respiration uses electron carriers other than _____
oxygen
139
electron carriers in ANAEROBIC respiration are lower on the tower so they release _____ energy
less
140
in anaerobic respiration, the E0' of final electron acceptor is less ______ than E0' of oxygen
positive
