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Microbio > Human Microbiome, Disease, and Immunology (#4) > Flashcards

Human Microbiome, Disease, and Immunology (#4) Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

the human body is a _______ environment

A

diverse

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2
Q

microbes regularly found at an anatomical site; associated with HEALTHY body tissue

A

normal microbiota / microflora

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3
Q

the relationship of microbiota starts at ______

A

birth

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4
Q

the relationship of microbiota that starts at birth varies with what 2 things?

A
  • environment (vaginal or C-section)
  • food source (breast milk or formula)
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5
Q

what bacteria coats baby at birth?

A

lactobacilli

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6
Q

its good for babies to take some ______ matter in when birthed to get started on their GUT microflora

A

fecal

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7
Q

where are microflora found?

A

surfaces of body + at mucous membranes

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8
Q

where are the majority of microbes found on the body?

A

mucous membranes (sticky + have nutrients)

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9
Q

T/F: mircoflora is normally not found in internal tissues

A

true (at least not LARGE #s)

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10
Q

C-section babies have a _______% higher chance of getting MRSA in the hospital

A

30%

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11
Q

C-section babies also have higher rates of ________ and _______

A

asthma + allergies

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12
Q

microbiota of the human body is a ____________ relationship, where a lot of it is _______

A

symbiotic; mutualism

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13
Q

every individual has their own microbial _________

A

fingerprint (“microbial cloud”)

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14
Q

your microbial fingerprint resembles who?

A

ppl you live with + are close with (they have similar microfola)

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15
Q

T/F: after your establish your microflora at childhood, it’s hard to change

A

true

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16
Q

different __________ of the body support different microbes

A

microenvironments

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17
Q

Plasmids are great cloning vectors because:
a) they are larger than the bacteria chromosome
b) they replicate along with the bacterial chromosome
c) they can have multiple copy #s
d) they never carry antibiotic resistance markers

A

c) they can have multiple copy #s

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18
Q

3 environments of the skin:

A
  • dry skin
  • moist skin
  • sebaceous skin
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19
Q

environment of the skin: arms + legs

A

dry skin

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20
Q

environment of the skin: armpit + grown

A

moist skin

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21
Q

environment of the skin: oily skin; where you get ACNE; back, chest, and nose

A

sebaceous skin

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22
Q

dry skin has more of what type of bacteria?

A

gram-POSITIVE

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23
Q

microenvironments of the SKIN resolves around ________

A

moisture/water

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24
Q

the skin has both _______ and ______ microflora

A

resident and transient

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25
microflora that just lives there; staph + strep; gram-POS bacteria that can withstand low water environments and some salt
resident
26
microflora that gets on skin but doesn't survive; gram-NEG
transient
27
resident microflora is gram-__________
positive
28
transient microflora is gram-_________
negative
29
skin microflora is influenced by __________ and ______ factors
environmental and host
30
environmental and host factors that affect skin microflora:
- soap - hygiene - diet - hormones - age - weather (higher temp = increased moisture)
31
the skin is an _________ environment
inhospitable
32
factors why the skin is termed an "inhospital environment"
- mechanically strong barrier - slightly acidic pH - high [ ] of NaCl (in sweat) - many areas low in moisture - inhibitory substances (lysozyme)
33
pH of skin =
5.5
34
example of inhibitory substance of skin:
lysozyme (in sweat)
35
acne vulgaris + body odor are caused by what bacteria on the skin?
Propionibacterium acnes
36
clogged pores
acne vulgaris
37
zits
comedo
38
______ bacteria make pus
pyogenic
39
what's pus made of?
dead WBCs
40
body odor can be caused by gram-________ bacteria breaking down _______ _______
POSITIVE; fatty acids
41
ratio of bacteria to human cells
1.3 : 1
42
avg. human is covered in _____ meters squared of skin
2 meters squared
43
1 cm squared of skin can have __________ bacteria
1 million
44
old + young ppl are dirtier so they have more gram-_______ bacteria on their skin
NEGATIVE (bad thing that theyre dirty)
45
saliva contains antimicrobial enzymes such as ___________, which affect peptidoglycan
lysozyme
46
microbes colonize on the _______ and _______ in the mouth
teeth + gums
47
most abundant species of bacteria in the mouth; can make biofilm
Streptococcus spp.
48
what oxygen requirements does Streptococcus spp. have?
facultative + obligate anaerobes
49
dental plaque is a _______
biofilm
50
issues caused by microbes like Streptococcus spp. in the mouth (4):
- dental plaque - gental caries - gingivitis - periodontal disease
51
_______ _______ prevents oral disease
mechanical removal (brushing teeth and flossing)
52
the biofilm, plaque, goes _______ in the middle and produces _______
anoxic; acid
53
_________ makes filaments that hardens plaque
fussobacterium
54
another example of antimicrobial enzyme in SALIVA; kills bacteria with singlet oxygen (free radical)
lactoperoxidase
55
MOST microbes are killed by the _______ conditions of the stomach
acidic
56
pH of the stomach =
2
57
how can microbes survive stomach acid (2 ways)?
- pass thru very quickly - protected by food particles
58
______ especially protects microbes in the stomach
fat
59
bacteria that causes stomach ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
60
has 6 lophotricus bacterium; embeds in epithlium of stomach; makes urease that breaks up urea into CO2 + ammonia
Helicobacter pylori
61
ammonia produced by Helicobacter pylori _______ stomach acid, protecting bacteria
neutralizes
62
_________ produced by Helicobacter pylori can be toxic to epithelium cells in the stomach and cause ulcers + lead to stomach cancer
ammonia
63
how can you detect Helicobacter pylori in your stomach?
ingest liquid and breath -- if CO2 then you have it
64
most ppl have < _____ viable bacteria per mL of gastric fluid
10
65
_____% of ppl infected with Helicobacter pylori are ASYMPTOMATIC
80%
66
the decrease in H. pylori has led to an increase in what?
esophageal cancer (bc of increase in acid)
67
as you move down GI tract and intestines, the pH ________ and the number of bacteria _______
increases; increases
68
pH of intestines =
7
69
largest microbial population of body
large intestine (colon)
70
theres up to ______ microbes / gram of wet weight
10^12
71
most of the microbes present in the colon are ______ ______
obligate anaerobes
72
the colon is _______, which is a perfect environment for fermentation
anoxic
73
species in colon (large intestine - 2)
- Bacteroides - Clostridiu
74
colonic bacteria produce (2):
- essential vitamins (B12 and K) - gas
75
bacteria make up ______ of the weight of fecal matter
1/3
76
of bacteria shed each day in feces =
10^13
77
bacteria in the large intestine are replaced rapidly bc of their ______ _____ ______
high growth rate (1-2 doublings per day)
78
growth rate of microbes in colon:
1-2 doublings per day
79
how other parts of the body, like the brain, are affected by the gut
gut-brain axis
80
gut-brain axis can affect _________
behavior (microbes crave sugar, you eat sugar)
81
______ ______ are used to treat C. difficil
fecal transplants
82
what causes C. diff?
strong rounds of antibiotics
83
opportunisitc bacterium; makes spores, spread in hospitals; releases toxins; can cause pseudo-membranous collitis (blisters in membranes)
C. difficil
84
fecal transplant is _____% effective in treating C. diff collitis
90%
85
intestinal microfolra is used to ________ the immune system (ex: Peyers patches)
train
86
site for immune cells to sample microflora and determine what is good or bad bacteria
Peyer's Patches
87
how many Liters of air do we breath in a lifetime that's filled with dust + microbes?
500 million L
88
_______ and _______ can live in dust for a long time bc they are resistant to drying
Strep + Staph
89
since Strep and Staph are gram-________, they are resistant to drying
POSITIVE
90
1 sneeze can have _______ to _______ bacteria
10,000 - 100,000
91
each droplet of a sneeze can have how many virions?
1-2
92
the entire respiratory tract is lined with _______ _______
mucosal membranes

Microbio (21 decks)

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