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CELLS AND ORGANELLES Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

barrier that contains cell contents and separates them from surrounding environment

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

plasma membrane contains: 2

A

phospholipid layers

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3
Q

polar heads of phospholipid molecules are

A

hydrophilic “water loving”

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4
Q

stabilizes membrane and keeps it flexible

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

makes plasma membrane impermeable

A

hydrophobic

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6
Q

determines blood type, receptors to bacteria, viruses and cell to cell recognition

A

glycoproteins

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7
Q

(junctions) plasma membranes fuse together to prevent substances passing

A

tight junctions

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8
Q

prevent muscle and skin (mechanical stress cells)cells from being pulled apart ; connected by protein filamentss

A

desmosomes

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9
Q

junctions found in the heart and between embryonic cells

A

Gap junctions

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10
Q

connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins calles

A

connexons

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11
Q

3 regions of nucleus

A

nuclear envelop, nucleolus & chromatin

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12
Q

sites where ribosomes are assembled

A

nucleoli

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13
Q

actual sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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14
Q

loose network of beeds

A

chromatin

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15
Q

formed from chromatin threading coil

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

factory floor of cell

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

3 components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol, inclusions & organelles

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18
Q

semitransparent fluid that suspends other elements

A

cytosol

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19
Q

stored nutrients floating in cytosol

A

inclusions

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20
Q

metabolic machinery of cell

A

organelles

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21
Q

cells that use huge amounts of atp

A

liver and muscle cells

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22
Q

mini circulatory system for cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

er carries substances primarily

A

proteins

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24
Q

carry substances around the cell

A

transport vesicleS

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25
abundant in cells that synthesize and secrete proteins
Rough er
26
functions in lipid metabolism, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis and breakdown and detoxification of drugs
Smooth er
27
cells that are full of smooth er
Liver cells
28
major function is to modify, package and ship proteins via transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus
29
Golgi apparatus pinches off sacs containing _ &_
proteins and phospholipid layers
30
contains powerful digestive enzymes
lysosomes
31
abundant in white blood cells called phagocytes
lysosomes
32
contains powerful oxidase enzymes
peroxisomes
33
peroxisomes use ___ to detoxify harmful and poisonous substances
molecular oxygen (O2)
34
damages proteins and nucleic acids (reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons)
Free radicals
35
converts hydrogen peroxide to water
catalase
36
peroxisomes are numerous in
liver & kidney cells
37
cytoskeleton is made out of
microfilaments, microtubules & intermediate filaments
38
cell motility and cell shape
microfilaments
39
made of fibrous subunits; form desmosomes resist pull forces on cells
intermediate filaments
40
subunits of protein tubulin; determines overall shape and distribution of organelles
microtubules
41
Generates microtubules & directing formation of mitotic spindle during cell division : rodshaped bodies
Centriole
42
move substances along cell
Cilia
43
when centrioles multiply and line up beneath the plasma membrane it creates___
cilia
44
ex of flagella
sperm
45
microvilli are found on surfaces of cells active in____
absorption ; intestinal and kidney tubules
46
Cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast Erythrocyte
47
Cells that cover and line body organs
Epithelial cell
48
Cells that move organs and body parts
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle cells
49
Cells that store nutrients
Fat cells
50
Cells that fight disease
White blood cells
51
has abundant rough er and large golgi apparatus; secrete protein building blocks
Fibroblasts
52
hays oxygen carrying pigment
erythrocytes
53
has abundant intermediate filaments that resist tearing when epithelium is pulled
epithelial cell
54
macrophage extends __ to crawl through tissue to reach infection sites
pseudopods
55
propels sperm
flagellum
56
substances are transported across cell membrane without any energy input
passive process
57
cells provide atp that drives transport process
active process
58
passive process example
diffusion , filtration
59
process where molecules move away from areas where they are numerous to areas where they are fewer
Diffusion
59
molecules will diffuse through plasma membrane if
molecules are small enough, lipid soluble and assisted by membrane carrier
60
unassisted diffusion
simple diffusion
61
'simple diffusion solutes (lipid soluble) example
fats, fat soluble vitamins, oxygen and carbon oxygen
62
Diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
63
these substance uses facilitated diffusion
glucose
64
provides passage for substances that are too large
Facilitated diffusion
65
facilitated diffusion uses ___ that acts as carriers to move glucose or other membranes without requiring atp
membrane protein
66
process where hydrostatic pressure is used through a membrane
Filtration
67
2 most important active processes
Active & Vesicular Transport
68
active transport is also called
solute pumping
69
Requires protein carriers & uses atp to energize protein carriers / solute pumps
Active transport
70
amino acids, sugars, ions are transported by
solute pumps
71
process is necessary for normal transmission of nerve impulse
Sodium potassium pump
72
fuses or separate membrane vesicles into or out of cells (uses atp)
Vesicular Transport
73
2 types of vesicular transport
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
74
mechanism cells use to secrete hormones, mucus to eject cellular waste
exocytosis
75
includes atp requiring processes that take up extracellular substances by enclosing them in a vesicle
endocytosis
76
cell eating; protect body from bacteria
Phagocytosis
77
cell drinking; cell gulps fluid
Pinocytosis
78
important in cells that functions as absorption
Pinocytosis
79
where cell grows & carries its metabolic activities; metabolic phase; long phase; cell is active
Interphase
80
Occurs towards the end of interphase
DNA replication
81
division of nucleus
Mitosis
81
division of cytoplasm ; begins when mitosis is nearly completed
Cytokinesis
81
when chromatin threads coil for chromosomes to be visible
Prophase
82
by the end of prophase, the ____&____ are broken down
nuclear envelope and nucleoli
83
chromosomes line up at the center of the spindle midway; straight line of chromosomes is seen
Metaphase
84
Centromeres split; chromosomes split apart
Anaphase
85
Uncoiling to become chromatid again
Telophase
86
DNA segment carries info for 1 protein
Gene
87
when mrna is made using the info of dna
Transcription
88
info carried by mRNA molecules is decoded and translated from nucleic acids to proteins
Translation
89
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ANAPHY (26 decks)

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