NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards by KENITH V. LAGO

It processes and interprets the sensory input and
decides what should be done

integration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causes a response, or effect, by activating
muscles or glands (effectors)

motor output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

brain and spinal cord.
occupy the dorsal body cavity.

Central nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous
system.
interpret incoming sensory information and issue
instructions based on past experience and current conditions.

Central Nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nerves and ganglia
— includes all parts of the nervous system outside the CNS.
— consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal
cord and brain.

Peripheral Nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord.

Spinal Nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

carry impulses to and from the brain.

Cranial Nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

exits the CNS
— carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the
muscles and glands.

Motor Division (efferent division)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

convey impulses to cns from sensory receptors

Sensory Division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

— voluntary nervous system
— allows us to consciously (voluntarily), control our
skeletal muscles.

Somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

involuntary nervous system
— regulates events that are involuntary (no conscious
control), activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glands.

Autonomic Nervous System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two parts of autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

keeps the CNS constantly informed of events going on both
inside and outside the body.

Sensory Division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

delivering impulses from the skin,
skeletal muscles, and joints.

somatic sensory fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transmitting impulses from the
visceral organs.

Visceral sensory fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Afferent=
Soma =
Sensory =

to go forward
body
afferent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nervous tissue is made up of two principal types of cells

supportying cells & neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

—supporting cells in the CNS are “lumped together”.
— “nerve glue”
— also called glial or glia.

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

: abundant star-shaped cells that
form barrier between cappilaries and neurons
control the chem environment in brain

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spiderlike phagocytes
— monitor health of nearby neuron
— dispose debris, such as brain cells and bacteria

Microglia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions
(processes) tightly around CNS nerve fibers,
producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin
sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

form the myelin sheaths around
nerve fibers in the PNS.

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

act as protective, cushioning cells for
peripheral neuron cell bodies.

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neuroglia that line he central cavities of the
brain and spinal cord.

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

also called “nerve cells” — are highly specialized to transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another.

Neurons

is the metabolic center of the neuron.

Cell body

intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape) are particularly abundant in the cell body.

Nissl bodies & neurofibrils

armlike processes, or fibers, vary in length from microscopic to over 3 feet long, reaching from the lumbar region of the spine to the great toe.

Processes

convey incoming messages (electrical signals) toward the cell body.

DeNdrites

generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body

Axons

protects and insulates the fibers and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Myelin sheats

long nerve fibers that are covered with a whitish, fatty material.

Myelin

each neuron has only one axon, which arises from a conelike region of the cell body.

Axon Hillock

terminal end — contain hundreds of tiny vesicles, or membranous sacs.

Axon terminals

tiny gap that separates the next neuron or its targets.

Synaptic cleft

functional junction, where an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Synapse

The Schwann cell cytoplasm and exposed membrane are referred to as the

Neurilemma

consist of dense collections of myelinated fibers (tracts).

White matter

contains mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies.

Gray matter

gradually destroys the myelin sheaths around CNS fibers by converting them to hardened sheaths called scleroses.

Multiple sclerosis

Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors (in the internal organs or the skin) to the CNS. ; keep us informed about what is happening insisde and outside the body

Sensory Neurons

activated by specific changes occurring nearby.

Receptors

simpler types of sensory receptors in the skin

Cutaneous sense organ

small collections of cell bodies. — are found in a few sites outside the CNS in the PNS.

Ganglia

bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS.

Tract

receptors in the muscles and tendons — the least specialized of the cutaneous receptors.

Proprioceptors

several neuron

Multipolar neuron

neurons w 2 processes 1 axon 1 dendrite ; act as receptor cells in sensory processing

Bipolar neuron

have a single process emerging from the cell body. — unique in that only the small branches at the end of the peripheral process are dendrites.

Unipolar neurons

carries impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands.

Motor neurons

— connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways. — their cell bodies are typically located in the CNS.

Interneurons

2 MAJOR FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS

IRRITABILITY & CONDUCTIVITY

the ability to respond to a stimulus by producing a nerve impulse.

Irritability

ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Conductivity

are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli.

Reflexes

reflexes that occur over neural pathways.

Reflex arcs

— stimulate the skeletal muscles. — involuntary reflexes even though skeletal muscle normally is under voluntary control.

Somatic reflexes

regulate the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and glands. — Secretion of saliva and changes in the size of eye pupils. — regulate such body functions as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, and sweating.

Autonomic reflexes

withdrawal, reflex is a three-neuron reflex arc in which the limb is withdrawn from a painful stimulus.

The flexor

—most superior part of the brain. —covers and obscures most of the brain stem.

Cerebrum

responsible for: speech memory logical responses consciousness sensation interpretation voluntary movement ; PARIETAL LOBE

Cerebral cortex

allows you to recognize pain, differences in temp / light touch allow to consciously move our skeletal muscles ; face, mouth & hands

primary somatic sensory area Primary motor area

entire surface of the cerebrum exhibits elevated ridges of tissue

Gyri

cerebral hemispheres are separated by a single deep fissure,

Longitudinal fissure

an interbrain atop the brain, consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Diencephalon

relays sensory impulses to the sensory cortex, where neurons localize and interpret sensations, involved in memory

thalamus

Provides "instructions" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements Responsible for proper balance and posture

Cerebellum

a crucial autonomic center responsible for regulating body temperature, water balance, and metabolism.

Hypothalamus

the center for emotions like thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure. — regulates the pituitary gland, producing two hormones.

HYPOTHALAMUS

forms the roof of the third ventricle, includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus.

Epithalamus

a large fiber tract that allows the cerebral hemispheres to communicate, connecting areas within a hemisphere and lower CNS centers.

Corpus callosum

a tiny canal that travels through the midbrain,

Cerebral aqueduct

regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex, with a tight band of projection fibers.

Basal nuclei

Mediates emotional response; involved in memory processing

Limbic system

forms the outermost covering of the brain

meningeal layer

typically diagnosed by examining cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.

Meningitis

Contains visual and auditory reflex centers

Midbrain

Cooperates with the medullary centers to control respiratory rate and depth

Pons

Contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, etc. ; most inferior

Medulla oblongata

a fluid formed from blood, forms a protective cushion around the brain and spinal cord, preventing damage from trauma.

Cerebrospinal FLUID

-Head trauma can cause bleeding from ruptured vessels or cerebral edema — causing neurological deterioration.

Cranial hemorrhage

are the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. — occur when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked, leading to vital brain tissue dying.

BRAIN INJURIES (CVA'S)

keeps neurons separated from blood borne substances. metabolic wastes like urea, toxins, proteins, and drugs are prevented from entering brain tissue.

Blood brain Barrier

resembling a butterfly, contains neurons with specific functions,

gray matter of spinal cord

consists of myelinated fiber tracts, some running to higher centers, some from the brain, and some conducting impulses.

White matter of spinal cord

a delicate connective tissue sheath.; coarser connective tissue wrapping.

Endoneurium & perineurium

neurons of the cranial region send their axons out in cranial nerves to serve the head and neck organs.

Parasympathetic dvision / craniosacral division

ALLOWS US TO UNWIND AND CONSERVE ENERGY

parasymphathetic division

mobilizes the body during extreme situations (such as fear, exercise, or rage)

Symphatetic division

— Its activity is evident when we are excited or find ourselves in emergency or threatening situations. Example: being freightenedy a stranger at night.

Sympathetic division / thoracolumbular

sometimes called the "rest-and-digest" system. — is most active when the body is at rest and not threatened in any way.

parasympathetic division

specialized cortical area involve in speaking

Brocas area

area: intellectual reasoiniing & social behaviour

Anterior association area

are: role in recognizing patterns and faces

Posterior association area

reticular activating system

role in conciousness/ sleep cycle

provides 2 way conduction of the brain stem

spinal chord

collection of spinal nerves

cauda equina

serve motor and sensory needs of the limbs

plexuses