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bio 141 Q1 > cellular metabolism > Flashcards

cellular metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic pathways

A

series of steps to alter molecules

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2
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build molecules, requires energy

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

break down molecules, releases energy

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4
Q

energy is the ability to

A

create change

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5
Q

KE

A

energy of movement

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6
Q

thermal energy

A

energy of heat due to random molecule movement

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7
Q

electrical energy

A

energy of charged particles

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in covalent bonds

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9
Q

1st rule of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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10
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics: energy transformation…

A

energy transformation increases entropy (disorder)

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11
Q

processes that decrease entropy require

A

require energy

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12
Q

biological systems are highly ordered which means

A

they require a lot of energy to maintain, and lose a lot of energy as heat

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13
Q

Gibbs free energy measures

A

energy of chemical reaction

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14
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

energy available to do work

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15
Q

+ Gibbs free energy

A

reaction requires energy and universe becomes more organized

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16
Q

negative gibs free energy

A

reaction releases energy and universe becomes less organized

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17
Q

why is negative Gibbs free energy more stable than positive?

A

*More stable because disorder in the universe is always trending towards randomness and disorder
*Since they change less, they have less ability to do work (they just want to sit there since they are so stable)

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18
Q

exergonic reaction: change in free energy is …

A

G < 0

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19
Q

in exergonic reactions:
reactants have ____ energy than products?
reactions ____ energy?
reaction is ______?

A

 Reactants have more energy than products
 Releases energy
 Reaction is spontaneous

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20
Q

in endergonic reactions: change in free energy is

A

G > 0

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21
Q

in endergonic reactions:
reactants have ____ energy than products?
reactions ____ energy?
reaction is ______?

A

less; require; non spontaneous

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22
Q

what happens if cells reach equilibrium?

A

they will die

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23
Q

three main categories of work that cells do:

A

chemical reactions, transporting things, and mechanical.

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24
Q

chemical work (by cells)

A

powering endergonic reactions

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25
Q

transport work (by cells)

A

pumping substances up concentration gradients

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26
Q

mechanical work (by cell)

A

move the cell or nearby structures

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27
Q

to do work, cells use

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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28
Q

ATP is composed of

A

Nucleotide (adenine) attached to 3 phosphates

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29
Q

energy currency of cells

A

ATP

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30
Q

smallest unit of energy in the cell

A

ATP

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31
Q
  1. ATP hydrolysis
A

-phosphates can be removed via hydrolysis
*Releases energy and creates ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

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32
Q
  1. phosphorylation
A

phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis is transferred to another molecule, creating a phosphorylated intermediate

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33
Q

Couples exergonic ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reaction

A

phosphorylation

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34
Q

Coupled reactions are still exergonic if

A

ATP releases more energy than endergonic reaction uses

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35
Q
  1. regenerating ATP
A

Phosphate can be added to ADP via dehydration to recreate ATP

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36
Q

regenerating ATP requires

A

energy

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37
Q

primary purpose of cellular respiration

A

to create ATP

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38
Q

activation energy

A

energy needed (IN) to start reaction

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39
Q

____reactions require energy to start

A

exergonic

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40
Q

catalysts function

A

decrease activation energy

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41
Q

enzyme are biological ….

A

catalyst proteins

42
Q

enzyme names end in

A

-ase

43
Q

___ lowers the activation energy of reactions

A

catalysts

44
Q

catalysts are not

A

used up by the reaction

45
Q

enzyme structures

A

large proteins with complex shape

46
Q

substrate

A

reactant that enzyme acts on

47
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

enzyme attached to substrate preparing to catalyze reaction

48
Q

active site

A

location on enzyme that fits substrate

49
Q

enzyme specificity

A

enzymes only fit ONE substrate and catalyze ONE reaction

50
Q

the 3D shape of the protein determines

A

its function

51
Q

denaturing

A

hostile/incorrect environmental conditions cause protein to lose/change shape and therefore its function

52
Q

rising temps and enzymes:

A

Rising temp increases enzyme activity (why we get fevers when we are sick)

53
Q

too high temperatures and enzymes:

A

Too high temps begin denaturing enzyme and lowers activity

54
Q

many enzymes have optimal function at pH of

A

6-8

55
Q

cofactors

A

additional molecules that enzymes need to function

56
Q

facts to know about cofactors (the molecules that enzymes need to function)

A

 Not a part of the enzyme
 Usually bind to the enzyme
 Not used up in reaction

57
Q

coenzyme is a type of

A

cofactor

58
Q

coenzymes are made by

A

living things (such as vitamins)

59
Q

enzyme inhibitors

A

reduce or block enzyme function

60
Q

enzyme inhibitors do not

A

destroy or damage enzymes

61
Q

competitive enzyme inhibitors:

A
  • Fill active sites
  • Compete with substrate
62
Q

noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors:

A
  • Do not bind in active site
  • Change enzyme shape
63
Q

why must cells be able to control their metabolic pathways?

A

store enzymes for quick activation later
super charge enzymes for burst increase in reaction rate
keep enzymes from wasting energy on unneeded molecules

64
Q

Allosteric regulation: allosteric site

A

binding site that is not the active site

65
Q

Allosteric activation

A

allosteric molecule improves enzyme shape to increase enzyme function

66
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

(noncompetitive inhibition) allosteric molecule makes proper shape difficult to achieve to reduce enzyme function

67
Q

Feedback inhibition:

A

Metabolic product inhibits pathway

68
Q

grouping enzymes in the same pathway…

A

increases function

69
Q

enzymes in compartments allows

A

control of local conditions

70
Q

Cellular respiration

A

break down of molecules to release energy

71
Q

two kinds of cellular respiration

A

aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

72
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses oxygen to release energy

73
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

does not use oxygen to release energy

74
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons (increase oxidation number)

75
Q

reduction

A

electrons are gained

76
Q

redox reactions release

A

energy

77
Q

why is oxygen used in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen pulls electrons strongly, giving electrons to oxygen results in a stable, low energy system

78
Q

Reactions that increase stability are

A

exergonic

79
Q

Cellular respiration (aerobic) oxidizes organic molecules to

A

release energy from them

80
Q

reducing electron carriers moves energetic electrons to

A

electron transport chain

81
Q

electron transport chain receives electrons from

A

electron carriers

82
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
83
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

84
Q

how many ATP does glycolysis require for activation?

A

2

85
Q

respiration steps: how many net ATP from glycolysis

A

2 ATP

86
Q

respiration steps: how many net ATP from citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP

87
Q

respiration steps: how many net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation

A

26 or 28

88
Q

respiration steps: how many net ATP TOTAL

A

30 or 32

89
Q

what happens to electron transport chains without oxygen

A
  • Electron carriers cannot deliver electrons
  • Electron carriers become full of electrons
  • Electron carriers cannot pick up electrons in glycolysis
  • Glycolysis ceases
  • No ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation
90
Q

fermentation is a type of

A

anaerobic respiration

91
Q

main function of fermentation

A

empty electron carriers without electron transport chain to allow glycolysis to continue

92
Q

___ ATP are produced via substrate level phosphorylation

A

2

93
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

Electrons are given to pyruvate and forms lactate
Empties electron carriers (regenerates NAD+)
Glycolysis can continue

94
Q

lactic acid fermentation only occurs in

A

in bacteria, fungi, and animals

95
Q

Alcohol fermentation (anaerobic)

A

CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde takes electrons to become ethanol
Empties electron carriers and regenerates NAD+
Glycolysis can continue

96
Q

fermentation produces ___ ATP while aerobic respiration produces ___ ATP.

A

2, 32

97
Q

both aerobic respiration and fermentation use

A

glycolysis

98
Q

fermentation does not need

A

oxygen

99
Q
A
100
Q

chloroplast location

A

highest location in leaves

101
Q

chloroplast location

A

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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