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bio 141 Q1 > cellular metabolism > Flashcards

cellular metabolism Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

metabolic pathways

A

series of steps to alter molecules

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2
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build molecules, requires energy

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

break down molecules, releases energy

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4
Q

energy is the ability to

A

create change

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5
Q

KE

A

energy of movement

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6
Q

thermal energy

A

energy of heat due to random molecule movement

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7
Q

electrical energy

A

energy of charged particles

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in covalent bonds

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9
Q

1st rule of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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10
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics: energy transformation…

A

energy transformation increases entropy (disorder)

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11
Q

processes that decrease entropy require

A

require energy

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12
Q

biological systems are highly ordered which means

A

they require a lot of energy to maintain, and lose a lot of energy as heat

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13
Q

Gibbs free energy measures

A

energy of chemical reaction

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14
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

energy available to do work

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15
Q

+ Gibbs free energy

A

reaction requires energy and universe becomes more organized

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16
Q

negative gibs free energy

A

reaction releases energy and universe becomes less organized

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17
Q

why is negative Gibbs free energy more stable than positive?

A

*More stable because disorder in the universe is always trending towards randomness and disorder
*Since they change less, they have less ability to do work (they just want to sit there since they are so stable)

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18
Q

exergonic reaction: change in free energy is …

A

G < 0

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19
Q

in exergonic reactions:
reactants have ____ energy than products?
reactions ____ energy?
reaction is ______?

A

 Reactants have more energy than products
 Releases energy
 Reaction is spontaneous

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20
Q

in endergonic reactions: change in free energy is

A

G > 0

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21
Q

in endergonic reactions:
reactants have ____ energy than products?
reactions ____ energy?
reaction is ______?

A

less; require; non spontaneous

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22
Q

what happens if cells reach equilibrium?

A

they will die

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23
Q

three main categories of work that cells do:

A

chemical reactions, transporting things, and mechanical.

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24
Q

chemical work (by cells)

A

powering endergonic reactions

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25
transport work (by cells)
pumping substances up concentration gradients
26
mechanical work (by cell)
move the cell or nearby structures
27
to do work, cells use
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
28
ATP is composed of
Nucleotide (adenine) attached to 3 phosphates
29
energy currency of cells
ATP
30
smallest unit of energy in the cell
ATP
31
1. ATP hydrolysis
-phosphates can be removed via hydrolysis *Releases energy and creates ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
32
2. phosphorylation
phosphate released from ATP hydrolysis is transferred to another molecule, creating a phosphorylated intermediate
33
Couples exergonic ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reaction
phosphorylation
34
Coupled reactions are still exergonic if
ATP releases more energy than endergonic reaction uses
35
3. regenerating ATP
Phosphate can be added to ADP via dehydration to recreate ATP
36
regenerating ATP requires
energy
37
primary purpose of cellular respiration
to create ATP
38
activation energy
energy needed (IN) to start reaction
39
____reactions require energy to start
exergonic
40
catalysts function
decrease activation energy
41
enzyme are biological ....
catalyst proteins
42
enzyme names end in
-ase
43
___ lowers the activation energy of reactions
catalysts
44
catalysts are not
used up by the reaction
45
enzyme structures
large proteins with complex shape
46
substrate
reactant that enzyme acts on
47
enzyme substrate complex
enzyme attached to substrate preparing to catalyze reaction
48
active site
location on enzyme that fits substrate
49
enzyme specificity
enzymes only fit ONE substrate and catalyze ONE reaction
50
the 3D shape of the protein determines
its function
51
denaturing
hostile/incorrect environmental conditions cause protein to lose/change shape and therefore its function
52
rising temps and enzymes:
Rising temp increases enzyme activity (why we get fevers when we are sick)
53
too high temperatures and enzymes:
Too high temps begin denaturing enzyme and lowers activity
54
many enzymes have optimal function at pH of
6-8
55
cofactors
additional molecules that enzymes need to function
56
facts to know about cofactors (the molecules that enzymes need to function)
 Not a part of the enzyme  Usually bind to the enzyme  Not used up in reaction
57
coenzyme is a type of
cofactor
58
coenzymes are made by
living things (such as vitamins)
59
enzyme inhibitors
reduce or block enzyme function
60
enzyme inhibitors do not
destroy or damage enzymes
61
competitive enzyme inhibitors:
* Fill active sites * Compete with substrate
62
noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors:
* Do not bind in active site * Change enzyme shape
63
why must cells be able to control their metabolic pathways?
store enzymes for quick activation later super charge enzymes for burst increase in reaction rate keep enzymes from wasting energy on unneeded molecules
64
Allosteric regulation: allosteric site
binding site that is not the active site
65
Allosteric activation
allosteric molecule improves enzyme shape to increase enzyme function
66
Allosteric inhibition
(noncompetitive inhibition) allosteric molecule makes proper shape difficult to achieve to reduce enzyme function
67
Feedback inhibition:
Metabolic product inhibits pathway
68
grouping enzymes in the same pathway...
increases function
69
enzymes in compartments allows
control of local conditions
70
Cellular respiration
break down of molecules to release energy
71
two kinds of cellular respiration
aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
72
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen to release energy
73
anaerobic respiration
does not use oxygen to release energy
74
oxidation
loss of electrons (increase oxidation number)
75
reduction
electrons are gained
76
redox reactions release
energy
77
why is oxygen used in cellular respiration?
Oxygen pulls electrons strongly, giving electrons to oxygen results in a stable, low energy system
78
Reactions that increase stability are
exergonic
79
Cellular respiration (aerobic) oxidizes organic molecules to
release energy from them
80
reducing electron carriers moves energetic electrons to
electron transport chain
81
electron transport chain receives electrons from
electron carriers
82
Stages of cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Oxidative phosphorylation
83
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
84
how many ATP does glycolysis require for activation?
2
85
respiration steps: how many net ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP
86
respiration steps: how many net ATP from citric acid cycle
2 ATP
87
respiration steps: how many net ATP from oxidative phosphorylation
26 or 28
88
respiration steps: how many net ATP TOTAL
30 or 32
89
what happens to electron transport chains without oxygen
* Electron carriers cannot deliver electrons * Electron carriers become full of electrons * Electron carriers cannot pick up electrons in glycolysis * Glycolysis ceases * No ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation
90
fermentation is a type of
anaerobic respiration
91
main function of fermentation
empty electron carriers without electron transport chain to allow glycolysis to continue
92
___ ATP are produced via substrate level phosphorylation
2
93
lactic acid fermentation
Electrons are given to pyruvate and forms lactate Empties electron carriers (regenerates NAD+) Glycolysis can continue
94
lactic acid fermentation only occurs in
in bacteria, fungi, and animals
95
Alcohol fermentation (anaerobic)
CO2 is removed from pyruvate to form acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde takes electrons to become ethanol Empties electron carriers and regenerates NAD+ Glycolysis can continue
96
fermentation produces ___ ATP while aerobic respiration produces ___ ATP.
2, 32
97
both aerobic respiration and fermentation use
glycolysis
98
fermentation does not need
oxygen
99
100
chloroplast location
highest location in leaves
101
chloroplast location

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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