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bio 141 Q1 > reproductive systems and development > Flashcards

reproductive systems and development Flashcards

1
Q

—which hormone controls reproductive cycles in males?

A

androgens

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2
Q

which hormone controls reproductive cycles in females?

A

estrogens

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3
Q

adrenal glands produce small amounts of both sex hormones, and then…

A

the gonads start producing a much larger amount of gender-specific sex hormones at puberty

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4
Q

the purpose for the structure of male land animal’s reproductive system?

A

sperm need to be transferred internally (they die if exposed to air) AND testes are outside the body because the temperature required for sperm production does not match body temp

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5
Q

in females, urinary system and reproductive system are

A

separate

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6
Q

hormone controls in males: 1 hypothalamus

A

releases GnRH which controls the entire reproductive cycle

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7
Q

hormone controls in males: 2 stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete which hormones

A

-FSH and LH

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8
Q

hormone controls in males: 3. LH (luteinizing hormone) promotes…

A

testosterone production, which encourages sperm production

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9
Q

hormone controls in males: 4. FSH promotes…

A

sperm nourishment

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10
Q

hormone controls in males: negative feedback

A

high levels of androgens inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH release. this prevents androgen levels from getting too high (too much testosterone lowers sperm count)

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11
Q

in females, the bladder and urethra are

A

separate from the reproductive system

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12
Q

cervix function:

A

seals off uterus and traps embryo inside

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13
Q

female reproductivity is based on

A

cycles

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14
Q

ovarian cycles occurs where?

A

occurs in ovaries

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15
Q

menstrual/uterine cycles occur where?

A

uterus

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16
Q

ovarian cycle: 1 Hypothalamus releases…

A

GnRH which controls the entire reproductive cycle

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17
Q

ovarian cycle: 2 stimulates ____ pituitary to secrete…

A

anterior pituitary; FSH and LH

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18
Q

ovarian cycle: 3 FSH stimulates ____ and ____ to mature

A

follicle and egg

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19
Q

ovarian cycle: 4 maturing follicle begins producing

A

estradiol

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20
Q

ovarian cycle: 5 increasing estradiol levels cause spike in…

A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

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21
Q

ovarian cycle: 6 luteinizing hormone spikes causes…

A

egg to be released from follicle (ovulation)

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22
Q

ovarian cycle: 7 swollen follicle had been…

A

on the surface of the ovary

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23
Q

ovarian cycle: 8 luteinizing hormones stimulates remaining follicle cells to secrete

A

progesterone and estradiol

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24
Q

uterine cycle: 9 progesterone and estradiol stimulate thickening of …

A

uterine wall
-increase in blood vessels
-preparing for embryo implantation

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25
Q

uterine cycle: 10
-_____ stops stimulating pituitary,
-pituitary stops producing ______ ___________
- follicle cells stops producing ____ and ______ and uterine lining collapses

A

hypothalamus
lutenin hormone
progesterone and estradiol

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26
Q

where are gametes produced?

A

gameotogenesis

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27
Q

oogenesis occurs where?

A

ovaries

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28
Q

spermatogenesis occurs where?

A

testes

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29
Q

all gametes are produced via

A

meiosis
-2 cell division phases
-reduces genetic info by half

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30
Q

spermatogenesis: sperm produced in…

A

sperm produced in seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

spermatogenesis overview

A

spermatogonium produced via mitosis divides via mitosis to produce primary spermatocyte. spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 and 2 to produce spermatids, which are rearranged to produce sperm. the sperm move to center of seminiferous tubules as they mature

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32
Q

what are sperm essentially?

A

tiny cells with flagellum, mitochondria, and acrosome with enzymes

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33
Q

females produce all follicles before

A

birth

34
Q

oogenesis: each follicle contains…

A

a primary oocyte which will become an egg

35
Q

oogenesis: during the ovarian cycle,

A

the follicle surrounding 1 primary oocyte develops

36
Q

oogenesis: primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 to create

A

secondary oocyte

37
Q

oogenesis: secondary oocyte is released from

A

ruptured follicle

38
Q

oogenesis: upon fertilization, egg immediately finishes

A

meiosis 2

39
Q

some species are hermaphrodites

A

-produce male and female gametes
-no separate genders

40
Q

asexual reproduction: no exchange of

A

gametes

41
Q

parthenogenesis:

A

egg begins development without fertilization

42
Q

parthenogenesis is most common in

A

insects (male bees are haploid and arise via parthenogenesis)

43
Q

examples of mammals that undergo parthenogenesis?

A

kimodo dragons; hammer head sharks

44
Q

body division is found only among

A

invertebrates

45
Q

fission:

A

parent animal splits itself in half, creating roughly 2 equally sized organisms

46
Q

budding:

A

new individuals develop from small outgrowths of parents, creating multiple smaller organisms

47
Q

fragmentation:

A

body is broken into several pieces, regeneration recreates full bodies from each piece

48
Q

asexual reproduction rate

A

much faster than sex

49
Q

fertilization of egg and sperm

A

-both are haploid with 1 copy of genetic material
-form diploid zygote with 2 copies of genetic information

50
Q

steps of fertilization

A
  1. Acrosomal reaction
  2. Surface binding
  3. Blocks to polyspermy
51
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization by more than 1 sperm (kills the embryo)

52
Q

acrosomal reaction: egg

A

-eggs are surrounded by a protective coat

53
Q

acrosomal reaction: sperm

A

sperm contains acrosome vesicle (has enzymes that break down the egg’s protective coat)

54
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

-enzymes released from acrosome
-create a path for sperm through protective layer

55
Q

surface binding: membrane proteins on __ and ___ must match

A

sperm and egg

56
Q

surface binding: if sperm and egg have membrane proteins that fit…

A

their plasma membranes merge

57
Q

blocks to polyspermy: the first block

A

-triggered by correct binding of recognition proteins
-ion channels open allow Na+ into the egg, depolarizing it
-new sperms cannot fuse with depolarized membrane
-starts in 1-3 seconds and lasts a minute

58
Q

blocks to polyspermy: slow block (cortical reaction)

A

-only in mammals
fertilization envelope prevents further sperm to fuse with membrane

59
Q

cleavage:

A

series of rapid cell divisions during early development

60
Q

fertilization stage ends when

A

egg and sperm nuclei fuse

61
Q

fertilized egg is called a

A

zygote

62
Q

blastula:

A

-ball of cells resulting from cleavage
-cells begin migrating outward from center, forming a larger hollow ball called a blastula

63
Q

blastocoel:

A

empty space in the middle of blastula

64
Q

gastrulation starts…

A

long series of cell differentiations

65
Q

reorganization of cells into germ layers:

A

endoderm cells on OUTSIDE
ectotherm cells in CENTER
mesoderm cells BETWEEN endo and ectos

66
Q

organogenesis:

A

organs begin to be formed in the embryo

67
Q

called a ___ after rudimentary organs form

A

fetus

68
Q

neurulation

A

formation of neural cord, which becomes the CNS

69
Q

notochord

A

-forms on one side of the gastrula
-long think round bundle of cells
-releases growht factor

70
Q

somites

A

the head begins to form at one end of embryo

71
Q

morphogenesis:

A

development of animal shape (controls movement of cells to create that shape)

72
Q

mechanisms involved in morphogenesis

A
  • Cytoskeletal changes
  • Cell rearrangement
  • Apoptosis
73
Q

cytoskeletal changes

A
  • Cytoskeletal changes
  • Cell rearrangement
  • Apoptosis
74
Q

cytoskeletal changes

A
  • Internal skeleton creates cell shape
  • Cell shape changes can result in movement
  • Growth factors initiate change in cytoskeleton
75
Q

apoptis: is programmed

A

death

76
Q

apoptis:

A

*Cell stops inhibiting internal digestive enzymes
*Crucial part of development
*Some cells or tissues are only important in development
-Are destroyed after they are no longer useful
*Some due to evolutionary developmental history –Are created, perform no function, and are destroyed
-Did something useful in ancestral species

77
Q

stem cells can form from

A

dif kinds of cells

78
Q

totipotent stem cells:

A

can become any cell in the body

79
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can become any cell from one germ layer.

80
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

can become several related cell types

81
Q

therapeautic stem cells use what kind of stem cells?

A

totipotent or pluripotent cells (can only be found in embryos)

82
Q

stem cells function

A

divide to create new cells

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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