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bio 141 Q1 > ch. 4-5 > Flashcards

ch. 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons why carbon is flexible (which allows for diverse molecules)

A

-carbon bonds: 4 valence electrons, so it can form 4 bonds
-not strongly EN
-bonds are at a max distance at 109.5

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2
Q

carbon often pairs with

A

H, N, O

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3
Q

isomers

A

molecules with the same atoms but different arrangement of atoms and electrons

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4
Q

structural isomer

A

-covalent bonds in dif locations
-molecule is dif shape

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5
Q

geometric isomer

A

-occurs near a double bond: double bond prevents it from being able to rotate along the axis

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6
Q

trans isomer configuration

A

-important groups are on OPPOSITE sides of the double bond
-chain is straight

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7
Q

cis isomer configuration

A

-important groups are on the SAME side of double bond
-chain is bent

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in 2 molecules that are mirror images.

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9
Q

most important chemical groups?

A

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfyhdryl, phosphate, methyl

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10
Q

what do functional groups (R Groups) do?

A

attach to carbon chains and have specific properties; directly involved in reactions

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11
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

polymer built from a monomer

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12
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

polymer built from a monomer

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13
Q

macromolecules contain…

A

billions of pieces which each contain many atoms

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14
Q

two ways of changing polymer length

A

dehydration reaction and hydrolysis reaction

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15
Q

dehydration reaction

A

-two molecules are covalently bonded together with the loss of a water molecule
-increases length

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16
Q

polymers are disassembled to monomers by…

A

hydrolysis

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17
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

-bond between monomers is broken by the addition of water
-decreases length

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18
Q

most important macromolecules in all living things:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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19
Q

most important macromolecules in all living things:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

carbohydrates? hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic (dissolve in water)

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21
Q

monosaccaride

A

sugar monomer

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22
Q

monosaccharide differences: chain lengths can vary

A

triose: 3 carbons
pentose: 5 carbons
hexose: 6 carbons

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23
Q

monosaccharide differences: placement of carbonyl group

A

-end of carbon skeleton: aldose
-within carbon skeleton: ketose

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23
Q

monosaccharide differences: placement of carbonyl group

A

-end of carbon skeleton: aldose
-within carbon skeleton: ketose

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24
Q

monosaccharide isomers ?

A

same atoms, different arrangements

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25
Q

hydroxyl down

A

alpha

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26
Q

hydroxyl up

A

beta

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27
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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28
Q

3 main disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

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29
Q

sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

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30
Q

lactose =

A

glucose + galactose

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31
Q

maltose =

A

glucose + glucose

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32
Q

polymers with hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

A

polysaccharide

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33
Q

storage polysaccharides: glucose is stored in animals as

A

glycogen

34
Q

storage polysaccharides: glucose is stored in plants as

A

starch

35
Q

starch is composed of two types of polysaccharides:

A

-amylose (unbranched)
-amylopectin (branched)

36
Q

which is more branched, glycogen or amylopectin?

A

glycogen

37
Q

structural polysaccharides: cellulose

A

tough walls that enclose plant cells; glucose monomers are in beta configuration, which animals cannot digest

38
Q

chitin is ___ glucose

A

beta

39
Q

structural polysaccharides: used in arthropod exoskeletons

A

chitin

40
Q

animals cannot digest ___ glucose

A

beta

41
Q

important polysaccharides

A

starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, and cellulose and chitin

42
Q

lipids are hydrophilic or phobic

A

hydrophobic

43
Q

purpose of fats

A

long term energy storage

44
Q

a glycerol head can hold up to 3…

A

fatty acids

45
Q

fatty acids attached to glycerol via

A

dehydration reaction

46
Q

saturated fats are saturated with

A

max amount of single bonds or hydrogens

47
Q

saturated fat structure

A

long, straight, easily pack together

48
Q

____ fats are solid at room temp

A

saturated

49
Q

unsaturated fats may have ___ bonds

A

some double bonds

50
Q

why do unsaturated fats not pack together tightly?

A

the double bond forms a bend

51
Q

trans fats have some ____ but….

A

double bonds; similar in other ways to saturated fats

52
Q

what kind of fats are not common in nature

A

transfats

53
Q

phospholipids attach to

A

glycerol

54
Q

phospholipids contain

A

2 fatty acid tails (fatty acid tails are hydrophobic) and 1 phosphate (phosphate is hydrophilic because of it’s partial charges)

55
Q

the duality of phospholipids (partially hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic) results in

A

a double layer in water called the phospholipid bilayer

56
Q

proteins are chains of

A

amino acid monomers

57
Q

amino acid monomer contains

A

amino group, carboxyl group, side chain/R group

58
Q

amino acid polymer

A

Amino and carboxyl can bond via a dehydration reaction (called a peptide bond)

59
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

60
Q

there are ___ common amino acids

A

20

61
Q

in amino acids, __ is the same, the ___ varies

A

base; r group

62
Q

R group properties (amino acids)

A

Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic (partial charge)
Can form hydrogen bonds and sulfur bonds

63
Q

primary structure (protein structure)

A
  • Linear chain of amino acids
  • Number of amino acids
  • Order of amino acids
64
Q

secondary structure (protein structure)

A
  • Hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups (not between R groups)
  • Stabilizes regions
  • Alpha helix: spiral structure
  • Beta pleated sheet: wide accordion folds
65
Q

tertiary structure (protein structure)

A
  • R groups along dif parts the chain interact
    o Charges attract/repel
    o Hydrophobic group together
    o Hydrogen bonds form
    o Sulfur bonds form
  • Interactions fold chain into complex shape
66
Q

quarternary structure

A
  • Multiple polypeptide subunits interact
  • Only occurs in some proteins
67
Q

the function of nucleic acids

A

carry information

68
Q

long term storage

A

DNA

69
Q

short term instructions

A

RNA

70
Q

pyrimidines have ___ carbone rings:

A

1: C, T, U

71
Q

purines have ___ carbon rings

A

2: A, G

72
Q

how are nucleic acid polymers formed

A

Dehydration reaction connects phosphate and sugar and creates sugar-phosphate backbone (coils into a helix)

73
Q

the 5’ end of the nucleic acid polymer has

A

phosphate

74
Q

A, T and U form how many bonds

A

2 bonds

75
Q

G and C form how many bonds?

A

3 bonds

76
Q

phospholipids attach to

A

glycerol

77
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

78
Q

fats are composed of

A

glycerol and fatty acids

79
Q

fats are composed of

A

glycerol and fatty acids

80
Q

important lips

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

81
Q

important lips

A

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

81
Q

fats are composed of

A

glycerol and fatty acids

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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