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bio 141 Q1 > gas exchange and immunity > Flashcards

gas exchange and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system is made of

A

heart, tubes, and blood

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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood is pumped to LUNGS by RIGHT side of heart

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3
Q

systematic circuit

A

blood is pumped throughout BODY by LEFT side of the heart

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4
Q

4 chambers in the heart

A

left/right ventricle; left/right atrium

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5
Q

ventricle functions:

A

contracts to put blood out of heart

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6
Q

blood enters ventricle from

A

atria

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7
Q

which chamber does blood enter first?

A

atria

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8
Q

atria function

A

absorb blood while ventricle is contracting; top off ventricle to increase efficiency

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9
Q

size: ventricle vs atria

A

ventricle is larger

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10
Q

4 valves of the heart

A

right/left atrioventricular valve ; left/right semilunar valves

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11
Q

atrioventricular valve functions

A

one way valve that allows blood into the ventricle but NOT the atrium

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12
Q

where is the atrioventricular valve located?

A

between atrium and ventricle

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13
Q

where is the semilunar valve located?

A

between ventricle and artery

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14
Q

semilunar valve function

A

one way valve that prevents blood from rushing back into ventricle

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15
Q

what creates the electrical signal of the heart rhythm?

A

the sinoatrial node wall of right atrium

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16
Q

atrioventricular node function

A

delays electrical signal so the atrium can contract and empty before the ventricle contracts

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17
Q

___ slows heart

A

parasympathetic NS

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18
Q

___ speeds heart up

A

sympathetic NS

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19
Q

what makes blood pass without friction?

A

endothelium (smooth epithelium) lining

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20
Q

capillary exchange:

A

???

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21
Q

artery carries blood

A

away from heart

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22
Q

vein carries blood

A

back to heart

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23
Q

blood pressure can be thought of as

A

“gas” for getting places

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24
Q

where is blood pressure measured?

A

the arteries

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25
Q

blood pressure is highest as

A

ventricle contracts

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26
Q

Systolic pressure:

A

forces blood into arteries and stretches them

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27
Q

Diastolic pressure:

A

some blood from last contraction has been pushed into capillaries

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28
Q

about how many miles worth of capillaries are there in a human?

A

60,000 miles

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29
Q

how much blood fills the 60,000 miles of capillaries?

A

5-10%

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30
Q

precapillary sphincters can allow blood to…

A

flow where it is needed most

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31
Q

respiratory system is designed to obtain oxygen by

A

extracting it from environment and distributing it to cells (via gills, trachea, lungs)

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32
Q

mammals: lungs exchange oxygen with

A

air

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33
Q

lungs are made of

A

microscope sacs called alveoli

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34
Q

how many alveoli per lung?

A

480 million

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35
Q

___ enters blood from air
____ leaves blood into air

A

Oxygen; CO2

36
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

pressure in cavity surrounding lungs is lower

37
Q

lowering pressure:

A

*Increases space in thoracic cavity
*Diaphragm contraction lowers bottom of cavity
*Rib intercostal contraction pushes out front of cavity

38
Q

emptying alveoli is active or passive

A

passive

39
Q

increasing pressure:

A

*Relaxed diaphragm moves back up
*Relaxed intercostal muscles allow ribs to fall back down

40
Q

oxygen in blood is hard to measure, but…

A

CO2 is easy to measure since it makes blood more acidic

41
Q

lower pH blood:

A

-more CO2 being created, not enough O2
-increase breathing rate raises O2 and lowers CO2

42
Q

higher pH blood:

A

less CO2 being created, enough O2
-decrease breathing to save energy

43
Q

guessing wrong amount of O2 in blood

A

Increases release of CO2 from blood but does not increases O2 levels in blood since blood is already saturated when resting. body thinks it has more oxygen than It does

44
Q

red blood cells are specialized to

A

carry oxygen

45
Q

specialized molecules carry oxygen bound to metal atoms: iron and blue.

A

iron: red blood
copper: blue blood

46
Q

___ carries O2 in vertebrates

A

hemoglobin

47
Q

hemoglobin components

A

protein made of 4 units, each contain 1 iron atom

48
Q

oxygen disassociation

A

% of O2 that unbinds from hemoglobin

49
Q

bohr shift:

A

pH affects hemoglobin disassociation

50
Q

low pH affect on hemoglobin disassociation?

A

Low pH increases disassociation and MORE oxygen is released
(Lower pH is found where more Co2 is being produced (where oxygen is needed most)

51
Q

types of immune systems

A

innate and adaptive

52
Q

innate immunity is fast or slow

A

very rapid; “always on”

53
Q

immune systems function…

A

whether it has seen the pathogen before or not

54
Q

components of innate immune systems

A

barriers and generalized internal defense

55
Q

innate immune systems to mucous membranes:

A

-pathogens get stuck and washed away

56
Q

innate immune systems use chemical defenses:

A

-lysozyme breaks up bacterial cell walls
-acid in stomach digest pathogens

57
Q

internal defenses for innate immune system includes:

A

Phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

58
Q

what do phagocytic cells do?

A

eat and digest invaders

59
Q

types of phagocytic cells:

A

-neutrophils (go to infected tissues)
-macrophages (travel in blood/waits in organs)
-dendritic cells (sound the alarm)
-lymphatic system (carries liquid that bathes cells)

60
Q

natural killer cells do what

A

scan animal’s own cells to detect abnormal surfaces proteins
then they release chemicals that kill infected/abnormal cells

61
Q

antimicrobial proteins are produced when

A

a class of pathogens is recognized

62
Q

what does inflammatory response do?

A

calls reinforcement to the infected area

63
Q

complement system

A

inactive proteins in blood that activate when they run into microbes

64
Q

inflammatory response: ___ and ____ promote blood flow to region

A

histamine and cytokines

65
Q

histamine causes blood vessels to…

A

become more permeable so that plasma and white blood cells can easily leak into tissues

66
Q

adaptive immunity

A

2nd line of defense to A SINGLE pathogen

67
Q

adaptive immunity only works in..

A

pathogens it has seen before

68
Q

lymphocytes:

A

type of white blood cell created in bone marrow

69
Q

types of lymphocytes:

A

B cells (mature in bone marrow)
T cells (mature in thymus)

70
Q

antigens

A

markers (protein) on viruses that B and T cells can recognize

71
Q

antigen receptors

A

molecules on B and T cells that recognize antigens

72
Q

antigens receptors only binds to…

A

1 specific antigen

73
Q

effector cells are produced

A

AFTER an antigen receptor is matched to an antigen

74
Q

effector B cells are AKA

A

plasma cells

75
Q

what do effector B cells do?

A

matches most important bit on invader to stop its function

76
Q

effector T cells are AKA

A

cytotoxic T cells

77
Q

what do effector T cells do?

A

they eliminate animal cells with attacker inside

78
Q

helper T cells function:

A

activate B and T cells to attack invader

79
Q

what infects and destroys helper T cells?

A

HIV

80
Q

memory cells

A

act as effector cells if pathogen ever appears again and immediately clone if pathogen is encountered again

81
Q

primary immune response:

A

oB & T cells become active after first exposure to antigen
oPeak 10-17 days

82
Q

secondary immune response

A

oAntigen is encountered again
oRapid response peaks in 2-7 days
oMuch greater magnitude
oOverwhelm infection before it gets out of control
oHuge advantage of adaptive immunity
oWhy you can only catch a disease once

83
Q

immunization provides

A

antigens for the body to match

84
Q

what activates secondary immune response?

A

booster shot

85
Q

what causes autoimmune disease?

A

maturation of B or T cells does not work right

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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